Dissimilation of the C2 sulfonates

Cook, Alasdair M.; Denger, Karin

doi:10.1007/s00203-002-0497-0

Cited by 78 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…Taurine can be biosynthesized in hepatocytes, but the majority is obtained from the diet. Gut microbiota have been shown to have a high metabolic activity for degrading taurine to inorganic sulfate (52) or other organic sulfate catabolites (53), and therefore, reduced microbial activity could increase taurine bioavailability (54). Previous work by our group noted consistently higher con-centrations of free taurine in the livers of GF mice (43) and the plasma of acclimatizing GF rats (55).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Systemic gut microbial modulation of bile acid metabolism in host tissue compartments

Swann

Want

Geier

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

637

476

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We elucidate the detailed effects of gut microbial depletion on the bile acid sub-metabolome of multiple body compartments (liver, kidney, heart, and blood plasma) in rats. We use a targeted ultraperformance liquid chromatography with time of flight mass-spectrometry assay to characterize the differential primary and secondary bile acid profiles in each tissue and show a major increase in the proportion of taurine-conjugated bile acids in germ-free (GF) and antibiotic (streptomycin/penicillin)-treated rats. Although conjugated bile acids dominate the hepatic profile (97.0 ± 1.5%) of conventional animals, unconjugated bile acids comprise the largest proportion of the total measured bile acid profile in kidney (60.0 ± 10.4%) and heart (53.0 ± 18.5%) tissues. In contrast, in the GF animal, taurine-conjugated bile acids (especially taurocholic acid and tauro-β-muricholic acid) dominated the bile acid profiles (liver: 96.0 ± 14.5%; kidney: 96 ± 1%; heart: 93 ± 1%; plasma: 93.0 ± 2.3%), with unconjugated and glycine-conjugated species representing a small proportion of the profile. Higher free taurine levels were found in GF livers compared with the conventional liver (5.1-fold; P < 0.001). Bile acid diversity was also lower in GF and antibiotic-treated tissues compared with conventional animals. Because bile acids perform important signaling functions, it is clear that these chemical communication networks are strongly influenced by microbial activities or modulation, as evidenced by farnesoid X receptor-regulated pathway transcripts. The presence of specific microbial bile acid co-metabolite patterns in peripheral tissues (including heart and kidney) implies a broader signaling role for these compounds and emphasizes the extent of symbiotic microbial influences in mammalian homeostasis.farnesoid X receptor | gut microbiota | TGR5 | ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry | G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 T he importance of gut microbiome variation in relation to human health and diverse diseases is now well-recognized (1-4). The microbiome is a virtual organ that performs many digestive and metabolic functions for the host, including enhanced calorific recovery from ingested foods and degradation of complex plant polysaccharides. Microbial communities have coevolved with man and show remarkable diversity dependent on topographical location and interperson variability (5). Co-evolution has refined the microbiome of organisms to a state where metabolic complementarity exists within the microbiota (6), and important biosynthetic/ metabolic pathways are provided for the host that significantly extend host metabolic capacity (3). As such, the mammalian host can be considered a superorganism (7), whose metabolism is the sum of that of both the host and the collective microbial community. The enterohepatic circulation provides a vehicle for this transgenomic metabolism, and bile acids, whose functional role in the global mammalian system is multifaceted, are an important class of metabolites that u...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Systemic gut microbial modulation of bile acid metabolism in host tissue compartments

Swann

Want

Geier

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

637

476

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“…Sulfoacetaldehyde is a key intermediate in the dissimilation of sulfonated compounds. For 30 years, it was believed incorrectly that the desulfonating enzyme cleaved sulfoacetaldehyde to acetate and sulfite (94). Recently, Cook and coworkers purified this desulfonating enzyme from several bacteria, demonstrated definitively that it actually produces acetylϳP and sulfite, and renamed it sulfoacetaldehyde acetyltransferase (XSC) (EC 2.3.1.-) (Fig.…”

Section: Other Acetylϳp-forming Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Acetate Switch

Wolfe

2005

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

1,066

1,274

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To succeed, many cells must alternate between life-styles that permit rapid growth in the presence of abundant nutrients and ones that enhance survival in the absence of those nutrients. One such change in life-style, the “acetate switch,” occurs as cells deplete their environment of acetate-producing carbon sources and begin to rely on their ability to scavenge for acetate. This review explains why, when, and how cells excrete or dissimilate acetate. The central components of the “switch” (phosphotransacetylase [PTA], acetate kinase [ACK], and AMP-forming acetyl coenzyme A synthetase [AMP-ACS]) and the behavior of cells that lack these components are introduced. Acetyl phosphate (acetyl∼P), the high-energy intermediate of acetate dissimilation, is discussed, and conditions that influence its intracellular concentration are described. Evidence is provided that acetyl∼P influences cellular processes from organelle biogenesis to cell cycle regulation and from biofilm development to pathogenesis. The merits of each mechanism proposed to explain the interaction of acetyl∼P with two-component signal transduction pathways are addressed. A short list of enzymes that generate acetyl∼P by PTA-ACKA-independent mechanisms is introduced and discussed briefly. Attention is then directed to the mechanisms used by cells to “flip the switch,” the induction and activation of the acetate-scavenging AMP-ACS. First, evidence is presented that nucleoid proteins orchestrate a progression of distinct nucleoprotein complexes to ensure proper transcription of its gene. Next, the way in which cells regulate AMP-ACS activity through reversible acetylation is described. Finally, the “acetate switch” as it exists in selected eubacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, including humans, is described

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“…The abundant sulfonate taurine (2-aminoethansulfonic acid) is frequently used as source of sulfur by micro-organisms (Cook & Denger, 2002). Taurine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, and occurs as a major organic solute in all vertebrates and in a wide range of marine invertebrates.…”

Section: Heterotrophic Carbon Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unravelling the complete genome sequence of Advenella mimigardefordensis strain DPN7T and novel insights in the catabolism of the xenobiotic polythioester precursor 3,3′-dithiodipropionate

et al. 2014

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Advenella mimigardefordensis strain DPN7 T is a remarkable betaproteobacterium because of its extraordinary ability to use the synthetic disulfide 3,39-dithiodipropionic acid (DTDP) as the sole carbon source and electron donor for aerobic growth. One application of DTDP is as a precursor substrate for biotechnically synthesized polythioesters (PTEs), which are interesting nondegradable biopolymers applicable for plastics materials. Metabolic engineering for optimization of PTE production requires an understanding of DTDP conversion. The genome of A. mimigardefordensis strain DPN7 T was sequenced and annotated. The circular chromosome was found to be composed of 4 740 516 bp and 4112 predicted ORFs, whereas the circular plasmid consisted of 23 610 bp and 24 predicted ORFs. The genes participating in DTDP catabolism had been characterized in detail previously, but knowing the complete genome sequence and with support of Tn5 : : mob-induced mutants, putatively involved transporter proteins and a transcriptional regulator were also identified. Most probably, DTDP is transported into the cell by a specific tripartite tricarboxylate transport system and is then cleaved by the disulfide reductase LpdA, sulfoxygenated by the 3-mercaptopropionate dioxygenase Mdo, activated by the CoA ligase SucCD and desulfinated by the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-like desulfinase AcdA. Regulation of this pathway is presumably performed by a transcriptional regulator of the xenobiotic response element family. The excessive sulfate that is inevitably produced is secreted by the cells by a unique sulfate exporter of the CPA (cation : proton antiporter) superfamily.

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Dissimilation of the C2 sulfonates

Cited by 78 publications

References 50 publications

Systemic gut microbial modulation of bile acid metabolism in host tissue compartments

Systemic gut microbial modulation of bile acid metabolism in host tissue compartments

The Acetate Switch

Unravelling the complete genome sequence of Advenella mimigardefordensis strain DPN7T and novel insights in the catabolism of the xenobiotic polythioester precursor 3,3′-dithiodipropionate

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