Dissimilation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by<i>Azotobacter chroococcum</i>

Balajee, S.; Mahadevan, A.

doi:10.3109/00498259009046876

Cited by 31 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…To date, only one 2,4-D-degrading bacterial species (Alcaligenes eutrophus strain JMP134) has been studied in detail [14,31,41,45]. Other genera of 2,4-D-degrading bacteria (and potentially other biochemical pathways for degradation) have been identified [2,4,10,12,48]. More recently, gene probe-based approaches have been developed and used with bacterial isolates and communities to detect, enumerate, and monitor indigenous 2,4-D-degrading bacterial populations in soils [8,[27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyphasic characterization of a suite of bacterial isolates capable of degrading 2,4-D

1995

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To develop a better understanding of the ecological aspects of microbial biodegradation, it is important to assess the phenotypic and biochemical diversity of xenobiotic degrading organisms. Forty-six bacterial isolates capable of degrading 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and representing several geographically distinct locations were characterized and placed into taxonomic groups based on the results of several independent analyses. The isolates were characterized based on Gram's reaction, colony morphology, cell morphology, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) fingerprints, carbon substrate oxidation patterns (BIOLOG), DNA homology to whole-plasmid probes and repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) fingerprints. Attempts to group organisms taxonomically based on colony morphology and cell morphology were largely unsuccessful. Both FAME and BIOLOG analyses were generally unable to provide reliable genus or species identifications of these environmental isolates by comparison of fingerprints or substrate use patterns to existing data bases. Modification of the standard protocols for these analyses, however, allowed taxonomic grouping of the isolates and the construction of new data bases, comprised solely of 2,4-D-degrading organisms, against which future novel isolates can be compared. Independent cluster analysis of the FAME and BIOLOG data shows that the isolates can be segregated into five taxonomic classes. The collection of 2,4-D-degrading isolates was also separated into five classes based on DNA homology to whole-plasmid probes obtained from individual isolates. REP analysis allowed isolates that likely represent the same (or very similar) organism(s) to be identified and grouped. Each of the analyses used represents a mechanistically different means of classifying organisms, yet the taxonomic groupings obtained by several of the methods (FAME, BIOLOG, DNA homology, and to some degree, REP analysis) were in good agreement. This indicates that the features discriminated by these different methods represent fundamental characteristics that determine phylogenetic groups of bacteria.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyphasic characterization of a suite of bacterial isolates capable of degrading 2,4-D

1995

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“…Several bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Azotobacter spp.) are capable of utilizing 2,4-D as the sole source of carbon and electrons (Pieper et al, 1988;Ditzelmuller et al, 1989;Balajee and Mahadevan, 1990). Effects of environmental factors such as pH and substrate concentration that influence the bacterial degradation of 2,4-D have been previously elucidated (Greer et al, 1990;Oh and Tuovinen, phenoxyherbicides in aqueous solutions 1988;Oh and Tuovinen, 1991a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of dimethylamine salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate by a mixed bacterial culture in stirred tank reactors

Cha

1996

Biotechnol Lett

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An aerated microbiological process was tested in 1.5-1 stirred tank reactors for the treatment of dimethylamine salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). A mixed culture was used with the concentration range of 54 to 216 mg 2,4-D/t. The highest concentration was completely depleted within 6 to 8 days of contact time. 2,4-Dichlorophenol, the first intermediate of the degradative pathway, accumulated transiently in the growth medium.

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“…al. (1973, , and White-Stevens & Kamin (1972) Azotobacter chroococcum Balajee & Mahadevan (1990) Chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase C. necator JMP134 Bhat et. al.…”

Section: Genetic Regulation Of 24-d Degradationmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…(Macrae et al, 1963;Steenson & Walker, 1957). Balajee & Mahadevan (1990) show that Azotobacter chroococcum converts 2,4-D to 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid by eliminating chlorine molecule at first step using the enzyme 2,4-D dehalogenase. 4-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid is then converted to 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) by the action of 4-chlorophenoxyacetate monooxygenase.…”

Section: Degradation Via P-chlorophenoxyacetic Acidmentioning

confidence: 98%

Microbial degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid: Insight into the enzymes and catabolic genes involved, their regulation and biotechnological implications

Kumar

Trefault

Olaniran

2014

Critical Reviews in Microbiology

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A considerable progress has been made to understand the mechanisms of biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). 2,4-D biodegradation pathway has been elucidated in many microorganisms including Cupriavidus necator JMP134 (previously known as Wautersia eutropha, Ralstonia eutropha and Alcaligenes eutrophus) and Pseudomonas strains. It generally involves the side chain removal of 2,4-D by α-ketoglutarate-dependent 2,4-D dioxygenase (tfdA) to form 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP); hydroxylation of 2,4-DCP by 2,4-DCP hydroxylase (tfdB) to form dichlorocatechol; ortho or meta cleavage of dichlorocatechol by chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase (tfdC) to form 2,4-dichloro-cis,cis-muconate; conversion of 2,4-dichloro-cis,cis-muconate to 2-chlorodienelactone by chloromuconate cycloisomerase (tfdD); conversion of 2-chlorodienelactone to 2-chloromaleylacetate by chlorodienelactone hydrolase (tfdE) and, finally, conversion of 2-chloromaleylacetate to 3-oxoadepate via maleylacetate by chloromaleylacetate reductase and maleylacetate reductase (tfdF), respectively, which is funnelled to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The latest review on microbial breakdown of 2,4-D, other halogenated aromatic pesticides, and related compounds was compiled by Haggblom, however, a considerable progress has been made in this area of research since then. Thus, this review focuses on the recent advancement on 2,4-D biodegradation, the enzymes, and genes involved and their biotechlogical implications.

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Dissimilation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid byAzotobacter chroococcum

Cited by 31 publications

References 24 publications

Polyphasic characterization of a suite of bacterial isolates capable of degrading 2,4-D

Polyphasic characterization of a suite of bacterial isolates capable of degrading 2,4-D

Degradation of dimethylamine salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate by a mixed bacterial culture in stirred tank reactors

Microbial degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid: Insight into the enzymes and catabolic genes involved, their regulation and biotechnological implications

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