Dissimilar material lap joints by friction stir welding of steel and titanium sheets: Process modeling

Preparation, Mechanical Properties and Strengthening Mechanism of W-Re Alloys: A Review

“…An excellent high-temperature performance is critical to avoid severe wear with FSW tools [109][110][111]. Currently, W-25Re alloy is the most popular high-temperature material used in FSW tools, which has been widely applied to the welding of steel and titanium alloys [6,[112][113][114][115]. Iqbal et al studied the wear mechanisms of W-25Re and W-25Re-3.2HfC.…”

Phase evolution in hot forging of dual phase titanium alloys: Experiments and numerical analysis

“…Although the software pack has a built-in material library that includes Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy, for this research, the authors collected literature data regarding the flow stress curves in a temperature range from 25 to 1200 • C and strain rate range from 0.001 to 1000 s −1 [27,19,[28][29][30], with a range of stress values from 1400 to 25 MPa. An example of the mechanical data collected by the authors is shown in Fig.…”

“…The numerical simulations were carried out using the commercial FEM implicit Lagrangian code Deform TM [23], allowing coupled thermo-mechanical analyses [24][25][26] of forming processes with phase transformation. Although the software pack has a built-in material library that includes Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy, for this research, the authors collected literature data regarding the flow stress curves in a temperature range from 25 to 1200 • C and strain rate range from 0.001 to 1000 s −1 [27,19,[28][29][30], with a range of stress values from 1400 to 25 MPa.…”

Material flow analysis in dissimilar friction stir welding of AA2024 and Ti6Al4V butt joints

“…Temperature, strain, and strain rate material flow were considered for the two materials. AA2024 material data were taken from the material library of the software, Ti-6Al-4V material data were taken from previous studies [24,25]. Fig.1 shows the utilized curves, as a function of temperature.…”

“…In particular, a constant factor of 0.45 was used to model the contact between the tool and the aluminum alloy sheet, whereas a constant factor of 0.35 was applied at the contact between the titanium alloy and the tool. These values are taken from previous studies of the authors on similar welds for the considered materials [19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Furthermore, a constant interface heat exchange coefficient of 11 N•s -…”