Dissemination Barriers for Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus in Culex Tarsalis Infected after Ingestion of Low Viral Doses *

Kramer, Laura D.; Hardy, James L.; Presser, Sally B.; Houk, Edward J.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1981.30.190

Cited by 165 publications

(139 citation statements)

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“…tarsalis as it relates to strains of WEEV. 28 However, in our studies, oral doses as high as 6.0 log 10 PFU/mL were unable to overcome this putative threshold barrier. Figure 2.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Transmission Potential of Two Chimeric Western Equine Encephalitis Vaccine Candidates in Culex tarsalis

Kenney

Adams

Weaver

2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is a zoonotic alphavirus that circulates in western North America between passerine birds and mosquitoes, primarily Culex tarsalis . Since it was isolated in 1930, WEEV has caused tens of thousands of equine deaths in addition to thousands of human cases. In addition because WEEV is a virus of agricultural importance in addition to a public health threat, we developed two live-attenuated chimeric vaccine candidates that have been shown to be immunogenic and efficacious in mouse models. Vaccine candidate strains were developed by inserting the structural protein genes of WEEV strain McMillan (McM) or CO92-1356 into a Sindbis virus (SINV) strain AR339 backbone. The SIN/McM chimera also derived the N-terminal half of its capsid gene from a North American eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) strain FL39-939 (henceforth referred to as SIN/EEE/McM). Although these vaccines do not generate viremia in mice, we further assessed their safety by exposing Cx. tarsalis to artificial blood meals containing high viral titers of each vaccine candidate. Both viruses exhibited a decreased rate of infection, dissemination, and transmission potential compared with the parental alphaviruses. Specifically, SIN/CO92 infected 37% of mosquitoes and disseminated in 8%, but failed to reach the saliva of the mosquitoes. In contrast, the SIN/EEE/McM virus was unable to infect, disseminate, or be transmitted in the saliva of any mosquitoes. These findings suggest that both vaccine candidates are less competent than the parental strains to be transmitted by the primary mosquito vector, Cx. tarsalis , and are unlikely to be reintroduced into a natural WEEV transmission cycle.

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“…tarsalis as it relates to strains of WEEV. 28 However, in our studies, oral doses as high as 6.0 log 10 PFU/mL were unable to overcome this putative threshold barrier. Figure 2.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Transmission Potential of Two Chimeric Western Equine Encephalitis Vaccine Candidates in Culex tarsalis

Kenney

Adams

Weaver

2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…This indicated that midgut infection and escape barriers (Kramer et al 1981) seem to be the principal factors controlling vector competence with WNV. All of the specimens were tested after 12Ð15 d of extrinsic incubation at 26ЊC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on the Potential of North American Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Transmit West Nile Virus

Turell

Dohm

Sardelis³

et al. 2005

J Med Entomol

522

358

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Since Þrst discovered in the New York City area in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) has become established over much of the continental United States and has been responsible for Ͼ10,000 cases of severe disease and 400 human fatalities, as well as thousands of fatal infections in horses. To develop appropriate surveillance and control strategies, the identiÞcation of which mosquito species are competent vectors and how various factors inßuence their ability to transmit this virus must be determined. Therefore, we evaluated numerous mosquito species for their ability to transmit WNV under laboratory conditions. This report contains data for several mosquito species not reported previously, as well as a summary of transmission data compiled from previously reported studies. Mosquitoes were allowed to feed on chickens infected with WNV isolated from a crow that died during the 1999 outbreak in New York City. These mosquitoes were tested Ϸ2 wk later to determine infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. All Culex species tested were competent vectors in the laboratory and varied from highly efÞcient vectors (e.g., Culex tarsalis Coquillett) to moderately efÞcient ones (e.g., Culex nigripalpus Theobald). Nearly all of the Culex species tested could serve as efÞcient enzootic or amplifying vectors for WNV. Several container-breeding Aedes and Ochlerotatus species were highly efÞcient vectors under laboratory conditions, but because of their feeding preferences, would probably not be involved in the maintenance of WNV in nature. However, they would be potential bridge vectors between the avianÐCulex cycle and mammalian hosts. In contrast, most of the surface pool-breeding Aedes and Ochlerotatus species tested were relatively inefÞcient vectors under laboratory conditions and would probably not play a signiÞcant role in transmitting WNV in nature. In determining the potential for a mosquito species to become involved in transmitting WNV, it is necessary to consider not only its laboratory vector competence but also its abundance, host-feeding preference, involvement with other viruses with similar transmission cycles, and whether WNV has been isolated from this species under natural conditions.

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“…1 and Kay, 1982). Kramer et al (1981), using western equine encephalomyelitis virus and the vector Cx tarsalis, found that mosquitoes infected with a low dose of virus (68<^o infected) were less efficient transmitters of virus than those infected with higher doses (96-100% infected). The short incubation period, 5 d, and high transmission rate, 70-100%, reported here were obtained with Ae camptorhynchus infected with only one ID;o (52% infected) of RR virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POTENTIAL OF AEDES CAMPTORHYNCHUS (THOM.) AS A VECTOR OF ROSS RIVER VIRUS

Ballard

Marshall

1986

Aust J Exp Biol Med

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Summary.Aedes camptorhynchus (Thom.) collected on the mid-south coast of New South Wales during the winter of 1982 were highly susceptible to infection (1D5O = 1(P'' VERO pfu/mosquito) when fed on rat tail skins containing blood and serial dilutions of the T48 strain of Ross River (RR) virus. After 2 d, when no virus was detectable, rapid proliferation aliowed transmission from 5 d post ingestion. A maximum transmission rate occurred 9 d post-feeding when 4 of 4 infected mosquitoes transmitted virus. The susceptibility of Ae camptorhynchus to RR virus infection was compared with that of a laboratory colony of Ae aegypli (L.) (ID5o = lO^* VERO pfu/mosquito).

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Dissemination Barriers for Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus in Culex Tarsalis Infected after Ingestion of Low Viral Doses *

Cited by 165 publications

References 0 publications

Transmission Potential of Two Chimeric Western Equine Encephalitis Vaccine Candidates in Culex tarsalis

Transmission Potential of Two Chimeric Western Equine Encephalitis Vaccine Candidates in Culex tarsalis

An Update on the Potential of North American Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to Transmit West Nile Virus

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POTENTIAL OF AEDES CAMPTORHYNCHUS (THOM.) AS A VECTOR OF ROSS RIVER VIRUS

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