Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in an African AIDS patient

Lo, Yi‐Chun; Tintelnot, Kathrin; Hoppe, Trevor

doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(00)90271-2

Cited by 33 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…Two additional cases of penicilliosis due to P. marneffei have been reported outside the area of endemicity in non-autochthonous individuals who had not visited Southeast Asia or were not indirectly exposed to the fungus such as in a laboratory setting. One patient was African and the other was Mexican [3,4]. Such observations might indicate that P. marneffei is not strictly limited in its geographic distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Karyotype determination and gene mapping in two clinical isolates ofPenicillium marneffei

Gifford

Cooper

2009

Med Mycol

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Electrophoretic karyotypes from two clinical isolates of Penicillium marneffei were derived using contoured-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) gel electrophoresis. Five chromosome-sized DNA fragments were resolved from each isolate. Chromosomal length polymorphisms were evident among the three largest molecules. Based upon these electrophoretic separation patterns, individual chromosomes were estimated to range in size from 2.0 to > or = 6.3 Mbp with a total genome size of 20.6 to > or = 21.6 Mbp. However, Southern blot analysis using a telomeric probe suggests that P. marneffei may possess as many as seven chromosomes, including two pairs of molecules that co-migrate under the CHEF separation conditions employed in this study. Hence, the total genome size of P. marneffei may be as large as 25.7 to > or = 26.7 Mbp. Further hybridization analysis mapped four chitin synthase homologues to specific chromosomes as well as genes for chitinase, malate synthase, isocitrate lyase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, 5.8S rRNA, and 23S rRNA. The mapping analyses also suggested the existence of multiple chitinase gene homologues in P. marneffei. The collective results of this investigation provide additional foundations for facilitating the genetic characterization of P. marneffei and the molecular epidemiology of penicilliosis due to this fungus.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Karyotype determination and gene mapping in two clinical isolates ofPenicillium marneffei

Gifford

Cooper

2009

Med Mycol

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“…The reporting of autochthonous infections in humans has so far provided the best method of describing the geographic range of P. marneffei, and such reports have defined the endemic range to include Thailand, southern China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Myanmar (Burma), and northeastern India (4,33,41,125,140,143). While a single case of the disease has also been observed in an African from Ghana who had no history of travel to southeast Asia (104), no further cases have been reported, suggesting that P. marneffei is in fact endemic to southeast Asia. The geographic ranges of the lesser and greater bamboo rats (Cannomys spp.…”

Section: Ecology and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Penicillium marneffeiInfection and Recent Advances in the Epidemiology and Molecular Biology Aspects

et al. 2006

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SUMMARY Penicillium marneffei infection is an important emerging public health problem, especially among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in the areas of endemicity in southeast Asia, India, and China. Within these regions, P. marneffei infection is regarded as an AIDS-defining illness, and the severity of the disease depends on the immunological status of the infected individual. Early diagnosis by serologic and molecular assay-based methods have been developed and are proving to be important in diagnosing infection. The occurrence of natural reservoirs and the molecular epidemiology of P. marneffei have been studied; however, the natural history and mode of transmission of the organism remain unclear. Soil exposure, especially during the rainy season, has been suggested to be a critical risk factor. Using a highly discriminatory molecular technique, multilocus microsatellite typing, to characterize this fungus, several isolates from bamboo rats and humans were shown to share identical multilocus genotypes. These data suggest either that transmission of P. marneffei may occur from rodents to humans or that rodents and humans are coinfected from common environmental sources. These putative natural cycles of P. marneffei infection need further investigation. Studies on the fungal genetics of P. marneffei have been focused on the characterization of genetic determinants that may play important roles in asexual development, mycelial-to-yeast phase transition, and the expression of antigenic determinants. Molecular studies have identified several genes involved in germination, hyphal development, conidiogenesis, and yeast cell polarity. A number of functionally important genes, such as the malate synthase- and catalase-peroxidase protein-encoding genes, have been identified as being upregulated in the yeast phase. Future investigations pertaining to the roles of these genes in host-fungus interactions may provide the key knowledge to understanding the pathogenicity of P. marneffei.

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“…Areas where P. marneffei infection is known to be endemic include Thailand, southern China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Myanmar (Burma), and Manipur state in India (10,11,23,27,28). A single case of the disease in an African from Ghana, who had no history of travel to Asia, has also been described (21). Several cases of penicilliosis marneffei have been reported from Europe, the United States, Australia, and Singapore in patients who had prior history of visits to areas where the infection is endemic (17,28).…”

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Role of Cannomys badius as a Natural Animal Host of Penicillium marneffei in India

et al. 2004

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Infection by Penicillium marneffei in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in India has recently been described; the aim of our study was to survey wild rodents and their associated environment in order to identify the natural populations of this fungus. Surveys recovered P. marneffei from the internal organs of 10 (9.1%) of 110 bamboo rats (Cannomys badius) examined from Manipur state, India, an area endemic for penicilliosis marneffei. Identification of the isolates was based on a detailed study of their morphological characteristics, in vitro conversion to fission yeast form, and exoantigen tests. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) of the isolates revealed five genotypes. No genotypes were shared between sample sites, and all bamboo rats were infected with a single genotype within sample sites, demonstrating spatial genetic heterogeneity. One MLMT genotype was identical to that seen in a human isolate, suggesting that either coinfection from a common source or host-to-host transmission had occurred. This demonstrates the utility of an MLMT-based approach to elucidating the epidemiology of P. marneffei.Penicillium marneffei is the only dimorphic species of the genus Penicillium and is the etiological agent of penicilliosis marneffei. This opportunistic fungal infection occurs among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and other immunocompromised patients in several regions of southeast Asia. Areas where P. marneffei infection is known to be endemic include Thailand, southern China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Myanmar (Burma), and Manipur state in India (10,11,23,27,28). A single case of the disease in an African from Ghana, who had no history of travel to Asia, has also been described (21). Several cases of penicilliosis marneffei have been reported from Europe, the United States, Australia, and Singapore in patients who had prior history of visits to areas where the infection is endemic (17,28).Initial isolation of P. marneffei was from a captive bamboo rat (Rhizomys sinensis) used for laboratory experiments in South Vietnam (3). The native bamboo rat had been experimentally inoculated with the scrub typhus bacterium Rickettsia orientalis (now designated Rickettsia tsutsugamushi). At autopsy, the rodent was found to have an enlarged liver and spleen, viscous ascitic fluid, and epiploic nodules. Cultures from all the organs yielded a Penicillium species, which proved pathogenic to hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). The fungus was subsequently described as a new species by Segretain (25), who named the fungus Penicillium marneffei in honor of Hubert Marneffei, then-director of the Pasteur Institute in French Indochina. In later decades, several workers investigated the prevalence of P. marneffei in bamboo rats in different geographic areas (1,5,9,20,29,33). Four species of bamboo rats, R. sinensis, Rhizomys pruinosus, Rhizomys sumatrensis, and Cannomys badius, were identified as natural hosts of P. marneffei (1, 5, 9). The aim of the present study was to investigate whe...

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Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in an African AIDS patient

Cited by 33 publications

References 4 publications

Karyotype determination and gene mapping in two clinical isolates ofPenicillium marneffei

Karyotype determination and gene mapping in two clinical isolates ofPenicillium marneffei

Penicillium marneffeiInfection and Recent Advances in the Epidemiology and Molecular Biology Aspects

Role of Cannomys badius as a Natural Animal Host of Penicillium marneffei in India

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