Disseminated mycosis in a killer whale (<i>Orcinus orca</i>)

Abdo, Walied; Kawachi, Takeshi; Sakai, Hiroki; Fukushi, Hideto; Kano, Rui; Shibahara, Tomoyuki; Shirouzu, Hiroshi; Kakizoe, Yuko; Tuji, Hajime; Yanai, Tokuma

doi:10.1177/1040638711416969

Cited by 22 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…[35][36][37][38][39] In marine mammals, aspergillosis can be primary or secondary to any chronic infection, physiologic stress, or immunosuppression. 40 Aspergillosis may also occur in various non-human primate species, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. 41…”

Section: Opportunistic Fungal Infections With No Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal infections in animals: a patchwork of different situations

et al. 2018

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The importance of fungal infections in both human and animals has increased over the last decades. This article represents an overview of the different categories of fungal infections that can be encountered in animals originating from environmental sources without transmission to humans. In addition, the endemic infections with indirect transmission from the environment, the zoophilic fungal pathogens with near-direct transmission, the zoonotic fungi that can be directly transmitted from animals to humans, mycotoxicoses and antifungal resistance in animals will also be discussed. Opportunistic mycoses are responsible for a wide range of diseases from localized infections to fatal disseminated diseases, such as aspergillosis, mucormycosis, candidiasis, cryptococcosis and infections caused by melanized fungi. The amphibian fungal disease chytridiomycosis and the Bat White-nose syndrome are due to obligatory fungal pathogens. Zoonotic agents are naturally transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans and vice versa. The list of zoonotic fungal agents is limited but some species, like Microsporum canis and Sporothrix brasiliensis from cats, have a strong public health impact. Mycotoxins are defined as the chemicals of fungal origin being toxic for warm-blooded vertebrates. Intoxications by aflatoxins and ochratoxins represent a threat for both human and animal health. Resistance to antifungals can occur in different animal species that receive these drugs, although the true epidemiology of resistance in animals is unknown, and options to treat infections caused by resistant infections are limited.

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Section: Opportunistic Fungal Infections With No Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal infections in animals: a patchwork of different situations

et al. 2018

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“…Skeletal muscle disorders have been rarely described in cetaceans. These disorders include granulomatous mucormycosis in a killer whale ( Orcinus orca ); 1 sarcocystosis in several cetacean species (beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas ; Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus ; long-finned pilot whales, Globicephala melaena ; 9,17,28 striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba ; 15 sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus ; and northern right whale dolphin, Lissodelphis borealis ); 11 and bacterial necrotizing fasciitis and myositis in the captive common bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ). 97…”

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confidence: 99%

Muscle Pathology in Free-Ranging Stranded Cetaceans

et al. 2016

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Despite the profound impact that skeletal muscle disorders may pose for the daily activities of wild terrestrial and marine mammals, such conditions have been rarely described in cetaceans. In this study, the authors aimed to determine the nature and prevalence of skeletal muscle lesions in small and large odontocetes and mysticetes ( n = 153) from 19 different species. A macroscopic evaluation of the epaxial muscle mass and a histologic examination of the longissimus dorsi muscle were performed in all cases. The only macroscopically evident change was variable degrees of atrophy of the epaxial muscles ( longissimus dorsi, multifidus, spinalis) in emaciated specimens. The histopathological study revealed single or combined morphological changes in 91.5% of the cases. These changes included the following: degenerative lesions (75.2%), muscle atrophy (37.9%), chronic myopathic changes (25.5%), parasitic infestation (9.2%), and myositis (1.9%). The skeletal muscle is easily sampled during a necropsy and provides essential microscopic information that reflects both local and systemic conditions. Thus, skeletal muscle should be systematically sampled, processed, and examined in all stranded cetaceans.

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“…Also, a number of isolates obtained from the skin samples represented taxa previously implicated in mycosis of cetaceans, i.e. Aspergillus, Candida, Chaetomium globosum and Fusarium (Abdo et al, 2012;Mouton and Botha, 2012).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking the occurrence of cutaneous opportunistic fungal invaders with elemental concentrations in false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) skin

Mouton

Przybyłowicz

Mesjasz‐Przybyłowicz

et al. 2015

Environ Microbiol Rep

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Cetaceans, occupying the top levels in marine food chains, are vulnerable to elevated levels of potentially toxic trace elements, such as aluminium (Al), mercury (Hg) and nickel (Ni). Negative effects associated with these toxic metals include infection by opportunistic microbial invaders. To corroborate the link between the presence of cutaneous fungal invaders and trace element levels, skin samples from 40 stranded false killer whales (FKWs) were analysed using culture techniques and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. Twenty-two skin samples yielded 18 clinically relevant fungal species. While evidence for bioaccumulation of Hg in the skin of the FKWs was observed, a strong link was found to exist between the occurrence of opportunistic fungal invaders and higher Al : Se and Al : Zn ratios. This study provides indications that elevated levels of some toxic metals, such as Al, contribute to immunotoxicity rendering FKWs susceptible to colonization by cutaneous opportunistic fungal invaders.

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Disseminated mycosis in a killer whale (Orcinus orca)

Cited by 22 publications

References 25 publications

Fungal infections in animals: a patchwork of different situations

Fungal infections in animals: a patchwork of different situations

Muscle Pathology in Free-Ranging Stranded Cetaceans

Linking the occurrence of cutaneous opportunistic fungal invaders with elemental concentrations in false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) skin

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