Disseminated Cryptosporidiosis in an Infant with Non-HIV Pediatric Immunodeficiency: First Case Report from Oman

Farsi, Tariq Al; Weerakoon, Sanjeewani; Mohsin, Jalila; Mashayakhi, Hussein Al; Ahmed, Khawater; Maani, Amal Al; Aboqusida, Khuloud; Sukaiti, Nashat Al

doi:10.5001/omj.2021.44

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…[8][9][10] Cryptosporidium is the second most prevalent diarrhea causing parasite after Giardia and is a leading cause of water and food borne enteritis especially in the developing nations. 4,[11][12][13] Infection is transmitted by faeco-oral route by ingestion of oocysts with contaminated drinking water. However, zoonotic and anthropogenic transmission has also been implicated in certain cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Although, molecular methods such as PCR and immunofluorescence microscopy are considered the gold standard still light microscopy using modified acid fast stain continues to be the most commonly used method for diagnosing coccidian parasites such as Cryptosporidium spp in the stool samples. 11 However, stool copro-antigen detection by immunochromatographic tests (ICT) and ELISA based methods are also available for easy and rapid diagnosis. Stool FilmArray gastrointestinal panel (GIP) is also increasingly becoming popular owing to its quick turnaround time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-seronegative patients: A case series

Sagar¹,

Kaur²

2023

IJMR

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Enteric infections by are a frequent cause of diarrhea among immunocompromised and HIV infected patients but there are limited reports of their occurrence in immunocompetent patients. Cryptosporidiosis is a faeco-orally transmitted protozoan infection and is one of the leading causes of chronic parasitic diarrhea. Here we report a case series of cryptosporidiosis from three different patients where two patients are immunocompetent and one is a post renal transplant case. All the patients came with watery diarrhea for which stool samples were collected and examined by modified Ziehl Neelsen acid fast staining (Kinyoun’s method). On microscopic examination of smear, multiple, pink, round to oval acid fast oocysts of 4-6µm diameter were seen against a blue background morphologically resembling . Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of antiparasitic drugs aids in timely treatment and prevention of disseminated cryptosporidiosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-seronegative patients: A case series

Sagar¹,

Kaur²

2023

IJMR

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“…The efficacy of the currently available antiparasitic agents is suboptimal. In addition, there is no standard dose regimen for persons with immunodeficiencies [ 125 ]. Nitazoxanide is the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug with some dual therapeutic effect for the treatment of human and animal cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis ( Table 2 ) [ 126 ].…”

Section: Current Therapy For Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gut-Wrenching Effects of Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis in Children

Prabakaran,

Weible,

Champlain

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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Cryptosporidium species and Giardia duodenalis are infectious intestinal protozoan pathogens that cause alarming rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Children are more likely to have clinical symptoms due to their less developed immune systems and factors such as undernutrition, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The severity of the symptoms and clinical manifestations in children may vary from asymptomatic to life-threatening depending on the Cryptosporidium species/G. duodenalis strains and the resulting complex stepwise interactions between the parasite, the host nutritional and immunologic status, and the gut microbiome profile. Structural damages inflicted by both parasites to epithelial cells in the large and small intestines could severely impair children’s gut health, including the ability to absorb nutrients, resulting in stunted growth, diminished neurocognitive development, and other long-term effects. Clinically approved cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis drugs have broad antimicrobial effects that have incomprehensible impacts on growing children’s gut health.

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“…Disseminated cryptosporidiosis can lead to biliary tract disease, pancreatitis, pulmonary disease, and stunted growth in patients with SCID [ 92 ]. Disseminated cryptosporidiosis leading to overwhelming sepsis and death has been observed in patients with SCID [ 94 ]. Although the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has not considered protozoans as carcinogens for humans [ 95 ], Cryptosporidium has been associated with colonic adenocarcinoma in SCID mice [ 96 ]; therefore, physicians should be aware of this possible complication and infection in SCID patients should be treated promptly.…”

Section: Microorganisms Affecting Scid Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency—Classification, Microbiology Association and Treatment

Justiz-Vaillant,

Gopaul,

Akpaka

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a primary inherited immunodeficiency disease that presents before the age of three months and can be fatal. It is usually due to opportunistic infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa resulting in a decrease in number and impairment in the function of T and B cells. Autosomal, X-linked, and sporadic forms exist. Evidence of recurrent opportunistic infections and lymphopenia very early in life should prompt immunological investigation and suspicion of this rare disorder. Adequate stem cell transplantation is the treatment of choice. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive approach to the microorganisms associated with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and its management. We describe SCID as a syndrome and summarize the different microorganisms that affect children and how they can be investigated and treated.

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Disseminated Cryptosporidiosis in an Infant with Non-HIV Pediatric Immunodeficiency: First Case Report from Oman

Cited by 4 publications

References 15 publications

Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-seronegative patients: A case series

Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-seronegative patients: A case series

The Gut-Wrenching Effects of Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis in Children

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency—Classification, Microbiology Association and Treatment

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