Disseminated central nervous system disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi in a horse

Berlin, Dalia; Loeb, Emmanuel; Baneth, Gad

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.01.030

Cited by 52 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In addition, trypanosomiasis is extremely rare in Israel with an isolated report of Trypanosoma evansi describing sporadic infection in horses and camels in the Arava region in southern Israel. 36 Phylogenetic analysis showed that ITS1 DNA sequences of L. tropica parasites from human CL and hyraxes in MA were highly similar, thus further incriminating the vector and reservoir hosts of L. tropica in this focus. The genetic divergence of L. tropica into the NK and MA clades, as found in this study, supports previous findings of discrete L. tropica genotypes in these areas differing in vector competence and biochemical characteristics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Leishmania tropica in Rock Hyraxes (Procavia capensis) in a Focus of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Talmi-Frank

Jaffe²,

Nasereddin³

et al. 2010

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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14, 15The purpose of the present study was to evaluate L. tropica exposure and infection rates among hyraxes living in an urban focus of disease in central Israel using quantitative real-time PCR and serology, and to compare the genetic relatedness of parasites isolated from hyraxes to those found in humans and sand flies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area.The study was carried out in the city of MA, which is located in the Judean Desert at an altitude of 350 meters above sea level approximately 5 km east of Jerusalem. The human cases in MA were clustered in two neighborhoods located adjacent to slopes and caves inhabited by rock hyraxes. 11Hyraxes. Rock hyraxes were trapped in March 2005 using cage-traps as a part of an epidemiological investigation of the human CL focus in MA conducted by the Israeli Nature Reserves and Parks Authority. Animals were anesthetized (10 mg/kg intramuscularly Ketamine-HCl, Ketaset, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, Iowa) using a pole syringe, physically examined, weighed, and blood samples were collected. The study that concerned animals was conducted adhering to the Hebrew University's guidelines for animal husbandry and use of animals in research. Blood in ethylenediamidinetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes was used for DNA extraction. Blood samples for serology were separated using centrifugation and kept at −20°C for further analysis. Experimentally infected (EI) hyrax samples were used for standardization of the western blot assay, as well as PCR and real-time PCR tests. EI samples included hyrax no. 1, a hyrax inoculated by subcutaneous injection in the nose with 10 7 L. tropica promastigotes supplemented with promastigote secretory gel; and hyrax no. 2, infected by sand fly bite.12 Both hyraxes tested positive by PCR of nose skin biopsies for L. tropica infection. In addition, blood samples from 5 young hyraxes born in captivity in a non-endemic area of Israel were used as negative controls.Human patients. Parasites were cultured for routine diagnosis from residents of MA ( N = 8), Tiberias, a city located on the Sea of Galilee (Kinneret) in the South Kinneret (SK) region in northern Israel ( N = 3), and Karkom, a village in the North Kinneret (NK) region in northern Israel ( N = 1). These residents presented with cutaneous lesions and were referred to the Abstract. Cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania tropica , has recently emerged in urban and rural foci of central and northern Israel, and constitutes a major public health concern. Rock hyraxes ( Procavia capensis ), the suspected natural reservoir, were trapped in the cutaneous leishmaniasis urban focus of Maale Adumim in central Israel and evaluated for L. tropica infection by real-time kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serology. Real-time PCR on blood and computerized western blot serology analysis was positive for L. tropica in 58% and 80%, respectively, of the hyraxes tested. Phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 region indicated that similar genotypes wer...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Leishmania tropica in Rock Hyraxes (Procavia capensis) in a Focus of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Talmi-Frank

Jaffe²,

Nasereddin³

et al. 2010

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…In this regard, the host-derived signals could be used to control the parasite density. Different studies have found the presence of T. evansi in cerebrospinal fluid and parasite DNA in different areas of the central nervous system from infected animals 4,9,10 . Additionally, PAIM et al 23 have found that infection with T. evansi caused changes in the concentrations of 3-nitrotyrosine residues (indirect NO detection) in the CNS of rats infected with T. evansi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The alterations caused by infection with this parasite are multifactorial, occurring in several clinical signs in hosts, including weakness, weight loss, elevation of body temperature and neurological signs 4,22 . The available drugs against T. evansi show significant toxicity in horses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apoptotic-like activity of staurosporine in axenic cultures of Trypanosoma evansi

Bruges

Betancourt

March

et al. 2012

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYTrypanosoma evansi is a blood protozoan parasite of the genus Trypanosoma which is responsible for surra (Trypanosomosis) in domestic and wild animals. This study addressed apoptotic-like features in Trypanosoma evansi in vitro. The mechanism of parasite death was investigated using staurosporine as an inducing agent. We evaluated its effects through several cytoplasmic features of apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, phosphatidylserine exposure, maintenance of plasma membrane integrity, and mitochondrial trans-membrane potential. For access to these features we have used the flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy with cultures in the stationary phase and adjusted to a density of 10 6 cells/mL. The apoptotic effect of staurosporine in T. evansi was evaluated at 20 nM final concentration. There was an increase of phosphatidylserine exposure, whereas mitochondrial potential was decreased. Moreover, no evidence of cell permeability increasing with staurosporine was observed in this study, suggesting the absence of a necrotic process. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the possible pathways associated with this form of cell death in this hemoparasite.

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“…The presence of nervous signs without sensory alterations seems to confirm the tropism of T. equiperdum for the peripheral rather than the central nervous system, in contrast with other trypanosomes (Berlin et al 2009). …”

Section: Equine Trypanosomosis (Dourine)mentioning

confidence: 91%

Dourine: a neglected disease of equids

Gizaw

Megersa

Fayera

2017

Trop Anim Health Prod

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Dourine is a venereal transmitted trypanosomosis causing a major health problem threatening equines worldwide. The origin and identification of Trypanosoma equiperdum within the subgenus Trypanozoon is still a subject of debate. Unlike other trypanosomal infections, dourine is transmitted almost exclusively by coitus. Diagnosis of dourine has continued to be a challenge, due to limited knowledge about the parasite and host-parasite interaction following infection. The pathological lesions caused by the diseases are poorly described and are observed mainly in the reproductive organs, in the nervous system, and on the skin. Dourine has been neglected by research and current knowledge on the disease, and the parasite is very deficient despite its considerably high burden. This paper looks in to the challenges in identification of T. equiperdum and diagnosis techniques with the aim to update our current knowledge of the disease.

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Disseminated central nervous system disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi in a horse

Cited by 52 publications

References 14 publications

Leishmania tropica in Rock Hyraxes (Procavia capensis) in a Focus of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Leishmania tropica in Rock Hyraxes (Procavia capensis) in a Focus of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Apoptotic-like activity of staurosporine in axenic cultures of Trypanosoma evansi

Dourine: a neglected disease of equids

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