Disseminated Autochthonous Dermal Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania siamensis (PCM2 Trang) in a Patient from Central Thailand Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Supsrisunjai, Chavalit; Kootiratrakarn, Tanawatt; Puangpet, Pailin; Bunnag, Thareena; Chaowalit, Prapaipit; Wessagowit, Vesarat

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0472

Cited by 10 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…The accession numbers for the new sequences generated in this study together with others used in the following analyses are given in Additional file 2 : Table S1. Initial Basic Local Alignment Search Tool analysis revealed the CM4 sequences to be closest to PCM2 Trang [ 7 ] and/or the related isolate from central Thailand [ 9 ] for all four sequences examined, and then to other members of the subgenus Leishmania ( Mundinia ) (Fig. 4 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The new species was characterized using molecular techniques, revealing a distinct parasite within the subgenus Mundinia . Two isolates, PCM2 Trang [ 7 ] and an unnamed isolate from central Thailand [ 9 ] are considered as being L . ( M .)…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in the second taxon there are two isolates of “L. siamensis” that are very similar to each other but different from L. martiniquensis based on molecular analysis, the PCM2 Trang strain from a patient in southern Thailand [ 7 ], which is phylogenetically distinct [ 6 , 8 ], and a recent isolate from central Thailand [ 9 ]. These two isolates were both from patients that were HIV-infected and presented with disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis, the former also with visceral disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis n. sp. (Trypanosomatidae), a parasite from Thailand responsible for localised cutaneous leishmaniasis

Jariyapan

Daroontum

Jaiwong³

et al. 2018

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundLeishmaniasis is an emerging disease in Thailand with an unknown incidence or prevalence. Although the number of properly characterized and clinically confirmed cases is about 20, it is suspected that this low number masks a potentially high prevalence, with clinical disease typically manifesting itself against an immunocompromised background, but with a substantial number of subclinical or cured cases of infection. To date leishmaniasis in Thailand has been mainly ascribed to two taxa within the recently erected subgenus Mundinia Shaw, Camargo & Teixeira, 2016, Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis Desbois, Pratlong & Dedet, 2014 and a species that has not been formally described prior to this study.ResultsA case of simple cutaneous leishmaniasis was diagnosed in a patient from Nan Province, Thailand. Molecular analysis of parasites derived from a biopsy sample revealed this to be a new species of Leishmania Ross, 1908, which has been named as Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis Bates & Jariyapan n. sp. A formal description is provided, and this new taxon supercedes some isolates from the invalid taxon “Leishmania siamensis”. A summary of all known cases of leishmaniasis with a corrected species identification is provided.ConclusionsThree species of parasites are now known to cause leishmaniasis is Thailand, L. martiniquensis and L. orientalis n. sp. in the subgenus Mundinia, which contains the type-species Leishmania enriettii Muniz & Medina, 1948, and a single case of Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908. This study now enables epidemiological and other investigations into the biology of these unusual parasites to be conducted. It is recommended that the use of the taxonomically invalid name “L. siamensis” should be discontinued.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2908-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis n. sp. (Trypanosomatidae), a parasite from Thailand responsible for localised cutaneous leishmaniasis

Jariyapan

Daroontum

Jaiwong³

et al. 2018

Parasites Vectors

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“…This hypothesis is also supported by a worldwide distribution of the subgenus: L. enriettii is present in Brazil, L. macropodum in Australia, L. sp. strain GH5 in Africa (Ghana) and L. orientalis in south-east Asia [11][12][13] (Fig 1B). Leishmania martiniquensis is also a widely distributed species described first from a human case in Martinique island [8], with autochthonous cattle or horse infections reported from Florida [14], Switzerland [15] and Germany [16] and frequently causing human infections in south-east Asia [17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental transmission of Leishmania (Mundinia) parasites by biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

et al. 2021

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Leishmania parasites, causative agents of leishmaniasis, are currently divided into four subgenera: Leishmania, Viannia, Sauroleishmania and Mundinia. The recently established subgenus Mundinia has a wide geographical distribution and contains five species, three of which have the potential to infect and cause disease in humans. While the other Leishmania subgenera are transmitted exclusively by phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), natural vectors of Mundinia remain uncertain. This study investigates the potential of sand flies and biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to transmit Leishmania parasites of the subgenus Mundinia. Sand flies (Phlebotomus argentipes, P. duboscqi and Lutzomyia migonei) and Culicoides biting midges (Culicoides sonorensis) were exposed to five Mundinia species through a chicken skin membrane and dissected at specific time intervals, post bloodmeal. Potentially infected insects were also allowed to feed on ear pinnae of anaesthetized BALB/c mice and the presence of Leishmania DNA was subsequently confirmed in the mice using polymerase chain reaction analyses. In C. sonorensis, all Mundinia species tested were able to establish infection at a high rate, successfully colonize the stomodeal valve and produce a higher proportion of metacyclic forms than in sand flies. Subsequently, three parasite species, L. martiniquensis, L. orientalis and L. sp. from Ghana, were transmitted to the host mouse ear by C. sonorensis bite. In contrast, transmission experiments entirely failed with P. argentipes, although colonisation of the stomodeal valve was observed for L. orientalis and L. martiniquensis and metacyclic forms of L. orientalis were recorded. This laboratory-based transmission of Mundinia species highlights that Culicoides are potential vectors of members of this ancestral subgenus of Leishmania and we suggest further studies in endemic areas to confirm their role in the lifecycles of neglected pathogens.

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“…L. (Mundinia) are responsible for human and animal leishmaniasis [2]. In Thailand, the two common species reported in northern and southern parts are L. (Mundinia) martiniquensis and L. (Mundinia) orientalis which are the causative agents of VL, CL and DCL [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The disease is transmitted through the bites of infected sandflies [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand

et al. 2021

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Background Leishmaniasis is an emerging infectious disease reported in the north and south of Thailand of which patients with HIV/AIDS are a high risk group for acquiring the infection. A lack of information regarding prevalence, and the risk association of Leishmania infection among asymptomatic immunocompetent hosts needs further investigation. Information on potential vectors and animal reservoirs in the affected areas is also important to control disease transmission. Methods An outbreak investigation and a cross-sectional study were conducted following one index case of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by L. martiniquensis in an immunocompetent male patient reported in August 2015, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. From September to November 2015, a total of 392 participants at two study areas who were related to the index case, 130 students at a semi-boarding vocational school and 262 hill tribe villagers in the patient’s hometown, were recruited in this study. The nested internal transcribed spacer 1-PCR (ITS1-PCR) was performed to detect Leishmania DNA in buffy coat, and nucleotide sequencing was used to identify species. Antibody screening in plasma was performed using the Direct Agglutination Test (DAT), and associated risk factors were analyzed using a standardized questionnaire. Captured sandflies within the study areas were identified and detected for Leishmania DNA using nested ITS1-PCR. Moreover, the animal reservoirs in the study areas were also explored for Leishmania infection. Results Of 392 participants, 28 (7.1%) were positive for Leishmania infection of which 1 (4.8%) was L. martiniquensis, 12 (57.1%) were L. orientalis and 8 (38.1%) were Leishmania spp. Of 28, 15 (53.6%) were DAT positive. None showed any symptoms of CL or visceral leishmaniasis. Risk factors were associated with being female (adjusted odds ratio, AOR 2.52, 95%CI 1.01–6.26), increasing age (AOR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02–1.08), having an animal enclosure in a housing area (AOR 3.04, 95%CI 1.13–8.22), being exposed to termite mounds (AOR 3.74, 95%CI 1.11–12.58) and having domestic animals in a housing area (AOR 7.11, 95%CI 2.08–24.37). At the semi-boarding vocational school, six Sergentomyia gemmea samples were PCR positive for DNA of L. orientalis and one S. gemmea was PCR positive for DNA of L. donovani/L. infantum. Additionally, one Phlebotomus stantoni was PCR positive for DNA of L. martiniquensis, and one black rat (Rattus rattus) was PCR positive for DNA of L. martiniquensis. Conclusion This information could be useful for monitoring Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts in affected areas and also setting up strategies for prevention and control. A follow-up study of asymptomatic individuals with seropositive results as well as those with positive PCR results is recommended.

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Disseminated Autochthonous Dermal Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania siamensis (PCM2 Trang) in a Patient from Central Thailand Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Cited by 10 publications

References 13 publications

Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis n. sp. (Trypanosomatidae), a parasite from Thailand responsible for localised cutaneous leishmaniasis

Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis n. sp. (Trypanosomatidae), a parasite from Thailand responsible for localised cutaneous leishmaniasis

Experimental transmission of Leishmania (Mundinia) parasites by biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand

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