Dissecting macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns of forest biodiversity across the Hawaiian archipelago

Craven, Dylan; Knight, Tiffany M.; Barton, Kasey E.; Bialic‐Murphy, Lalasia; Chase, Jonathan M.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1901954116

Cited by 32 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Finally, inserting focal plant–herbivore interactions into a biogeographical and macroecological context is necessary to explicitly investigate how historical and large‐scale factors such as geological age, history of colonization, island size, physical heterogeneity, and geographical isolation (Craven et al., 2019; Losos & Ricklefs, 2009; Valente et al., 2014) shape insularity effects on herbivory and plant defences. The influence of climate (Weigelt et al., 2016), invasive species (Craven et al., 2019) and local abiotic factors such as productivity and soil type (Pillon et al., 2010) is also highly relevant for disentangling the ways in which insularity affects plant–herbivore interactions via local and regional changes in diversity or species composition of plant–herbivore communities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta‐analysis of insularity effects on herbivory and plant defences

Moreira

Castagneyrol

García‐Verdugo

et al. 2020

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim Plants on islands are often subjected to lower levels of herbivory relative to those found at mainland sites. As a consequence, island plants are predicted to exhibit lower levels of physical or chemical defences, which renders them more susceptible to introduced herbivores. Yet, instances of high pressure by superabundant herbivores native to islands have been reported in many insular systems, which presumably would result in heightened plant defences. To date, no quantitative review has been conducted to determine how common these contrasting patterns are and their implications for the evolution of plant‐herbivore interactions. Location Islands worldwide. Taxon Plants, insects, molluscs, mammals. Methods We conducted a meta‐analysis of insularity effects on herbivory and plant defences by including studies that involved island‐mainland comparisons of the same plant species in both environments (90% of cases), or insular endemics versus mainland congeners (10% of cases). We tested for differences between mammalian and invertebrate (mollusc or insect) herbivory as well as between plant chemical and physical defences by specifying comparisons based on the type of herbivore (vertebrate or invertebrate) or plant trait included in the study. Results Mammalian herbivory was significantly higher on islands than on mainlands. In contrast, no significant effect was observed on invertebrate herbivory. In addition, we found no significant difference in either plant physical or chemical defences between insular and mainland plants, though physical defences tended to be higher for plants on islands. Main conclusions All analysed mammal studies focused on species introduced to islands, suggesting greater susceptibility of insular plants to exotic mammals, whereas the lack of effects in the case of invertebrate herbivory suggests no difference in susceptibility to molluscs or insects between insular and mainland plants. Interestingly, plant trait patterns suggest a trend for increased physical defences by insular plants, possibly due to heightened pressure by exotic mammalian herbivores on islands, whereas chemical defences appear uncorrelated to differences in herbivory. These findings call for further experimental and observational studies measuring defences and herbivory for multiple sympatric plant species occurring at both mainland and island sites within a system, or comparing insular endemics to congeneric mainland species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta‐analysis of insularity effects on herbivory and plant defences

Moreira

Castagneyrol

García‐Verdugo

et al. 2020

Journal of Biogeography

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“…At each of the three quadrat sizes in each forest plot, we calculated the average total beta-diversity, species turnover, and species nestedness across all quadrats. To facilitate comparisons with other studies, we further controlled sampling effort by randomly sampling 30 non-overlapping quadrats of 10 m × 10 m, 15 quadrats of 20 m × 20 m, and 15 quadrats of 50 m × 50 m in each plot 57 , 58 . This sampling procedure was repeated 200 times for each quadrat size and the results were averaged for each plot with the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) calculated using nonparametric bootstrap without assuming normality 58 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To investigate potential mechanisms underlying latitudinal patterns of total beta-diversity, species turnover, and species nestedness, we used the variation partitioning analysis (VPA) based on the partial regression to separate the unique and shared effects of environmental and spatial variables. The pure effects of spatial variables suggest the importance of dispersal limitation or unmeasured environmental variables, whereas the pure effects of environmental variables point to the importance of habitat filtering (i.e., filtering out species unsuitable to specific habitat conditions) 58 , 63 . The fractions of variation in response variables explained by spatial and environmental variables were tested for significance by 999 permutations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arbuscular mycorrhizal trees influence the latitudinal beta-diversity gradient of tree communities in forests worldwide

et al. 2021

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) associations are critical for host-tree performance. However, how mycorrhizal associations correlate with the latitudinal tree beta-diversity remains untested. Using a global dataset of 45 forest plots representing 2,804,270 trees across 3840 species, we test how AM and EcM trees contribute to total beta-diversity and its components (turnover and nestedness) of all trees. We find AM rather than EcM trees predominantly contribute to decreasing total beta-diversity and turnover and increasing nestedness with increasing latitude, probably because wide distributions of EcM trees do not generate strong compositional differences among localities. Environmental variables, especially temperature and precipitation, are strongly correlated with beta-diversity patterns for both AM trees and all trees rather than EcM trees. Results support our hypotheses that latitudinal beta-diversity patterns and environmental effects on these patterns are highly dependent on mycorrhizal types. Our findings highlight the importance of AM-dominated forests for conserving global forest biodiversity.

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“…The relation between the number of species and island area is affected by the degree of isolation (Ding et al, 2006;Peay et al, 2010;Spengler et al, 2011), but also by the habitat diversity on the island (Hannus and Numers, 2008;Triantis and Sfenthourakis, 2011;Whittaker and Triantis, 2012;Cazzolla Gatti et al, 2018;MacDonald et al, 2018;Craven et al, 2019;Schrader et al, 2019aSchrader et al, , 2019b). The number of species reported for a habitat or an island is also dependent on the sampling effort used to build up the data set (see e.g., Chase et al, 2019aChase et al, , 2019b.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat type and island identity as drivers of community assembly in an archipelago

Chiarucci

Buldrini

Cervellini

et al. 2020

J Vegetation Science

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Aim: Ecoinformatics offer new opportunity to test islands as biogeographic and ecological models. In this paper we predicted three hypotheses: (1) plot-based data issuing from vegetation surveys can be used to predict Island Species-Area Relationships (ISARs) or island similarity; (2) the habitat area is an independent predictor of species richness patterns within island; (3) species richness and composition are more dependent on habitat type than island identity in land-bridge islands. Area: Tuscan Archipelago, Italy. Methods: We assembled a database of all the vegetation plots available for the archipelago. For the first hypothesis we calculated ISARs, using Arrhenius model, and Beta Diversity, using Jaccard dissimilarity, on both published floras and cumulative plot data. For the second hypothesis, we modelled Habitat Species-Area Relationships (HSARs), using Arrhenius model. For the third hypothesis, we used additive partitioning of species richness, NMDS and PERMANOVA. Results: Island Species-Area Relationships based on plot data mirrored those on published floras, but absolute values of c and z parameters were different. Beta diversity based on plot data resembled those of published floras, but was higher. Species richness was significantly related to the habitat area. The total species richness of the archipelago was linked to large scale drivers, such as island identity, while plot species composition was driven by both habitat type and island identity. Conclusions: Data assembled issuing from vegetation surveys are useful to describe biogeographic patterns. Species richness in the archipelago is driven by spatial factors such as the amount of habitats and the differences among islands, while the species composition of local assemblages is largely driven by habitat filters rather than by island identity, as expected in land-bridge islands.

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Dissecting macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns of forest biodiversity across the Hawaiian archipelago

Cited by 32 publications

References 62 publications

A meta‐analysis of insularity effects on herbivory and plant defences

A meta‐analysis of insularity effects on herbivory and plant defences

Arbuscular mycorrhizal trees influence the latitudinal beta-diversity gradient of tree communities in forests worldwide

Habitat type and island identity as drivers of community assembly in an archipelago

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