Dissecting coffee seeds metabolome in context of genotype, roasting degree, and blending in the Middle East using NMR and GC/MS techniques

How Does LC/MS Compare to UV in Coffee Authentication and Determination of Antioxidant Effects? Brazilian and Middle Eastern Coffee as Case Studies

“…Continuing our previous work on coffee profiling, targeting aroma metabolites [ 8 ] and primary metabolites [ 17 ], we extend our research by reporting on the secondary metabolome in coffee, focusing, for the first time, on antioxidant properties. The current study provides a comprehensive analysis of 15 commercial coffee seeds collected from the Middle East region along with four authenticated green and roasted arabica and robusta coffee seeds.…”

Metabolomics-Based Approach for Coffee Beverage Improvement in the Context of Processing, Brewing Methods, and Quality Attributes

“…A metabolomics-based approach was applied in the classification of coffee seeds derived from different biological origins, i.e., arabica and robusta coffees [ 22 ], and conventionally vs. organically grown coffees [ 31 ]. Metabolomics has been employed to assess the main chemical differences in these types of coffee, and thus, assign metabolites to the best coffee characteristics.…”

“…GC/MS targets low molecular weight aroma compounds, e.g., terpenes and polar primary metabolites post-derivatization, i.e., fatty acids, sugars, and amino acids. LC/MS and NMR were more effective to detect and identify potential secondary bioactive compounds, including diterpenoids, chlorogenic acid derivatives, and alkaloids [ 22 ]. In the context of coffee brewing, various factors and their different platforms are illustrated in Figure 3 and shall be covered in the following subsections highlighting the effects of different brewing methods on coffee metabolomes using different analytical techniques.…”

“…GC/MS post silylation profiling, targeting nutrients in arabica and robusta, led to the detection of 143 metabolites, with arabica seeds found to be more enriched in fatty and organic acids, i.e., palmitic acid and acetic acid, respectively. In contrast, robusta was more rich in cyclitol sugars, i.e., myo-inositol and sorbitol [ 22 ]. However, these markers need to be confirmed by analyzing several other specimens of other origins, considering that macronutrients are highly affected by plant agricultural conditions and ecological backgrounds, as pointed out earlier.…”

“…A typical platform for plant extract profiling includes chromatographic techniques such as ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS), which presents an excellent combination of selectivity and sensitivity allowing for the separation of a large number of components with different modes of ionization, i.e., negative versus positive ESI to increase the identified metabolite scores or coverage [ 21 ]. UPLC/MS is especially suited for the profiling of medium polar and large molecular weight bioactives, e.g., chlorogenic acids in coffee, whereas gas chromatography–mass spectrometry is more suitable for aroma profiling in coffee targeting low molecular weight and other volatile compounds or their derivatives, e.g., furans and pyrazines [ 22 ].…”