Dissecting causal associations of type 2 diabetes with 111 types of ocular conditions: a Mendelian randomization study

Abstract

BackgroundDespite the well-established findings of a higher incidence of retina-related eye diseases in patients with diabetes, there is less investigation into the causal relationship between diabetes and non-retinal eye conditions, such as age-related cataracts and glaucoma.MethodsWe performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to examine the causal relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 111 ocular diseases. We employed a set of 184 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that reached genome-wide significance as instrumental variables (IVs). The primary analysis utilized the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method, with MR-Egger and weighted median (WM) methods serving as supplementary analyses.ResultsThe results revealed suggestive positive causal relationships between T2DM and various ocular conditions, including “Senile cataract” (OR= 1.07; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.11; P=7.77×10-4), “Glaucoma” (OR= 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.13; P=4.81×10-3), and “Disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways” (OR= 1.10; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.23; P=7.01×10-2).ConclusionOur evidence supports a causal relationship between T2DM and specific ocular disorders. This provides a basis for further research on the importance of T2DM management and prevention strategies in maintaining ocular health.

Synthesis of Flurbiprofen Based Amide Derivatives as Potential Leads for Diabetic Management: In Vitro α‐glucosidase Inhibition, Molecular Docking and DFT Simulation Approach

“…The resultant mixtures were added to ice-cold water in a beaker once the reaction was finished when they precipitated, followed by washing with water, and finally filtered. These derivatives were structurally deduced through 1 H, and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy and the molar masses were confirmed by its HR-ESI-MS spectrometer and finally subjected against the α-glucosidase enzyme.…”

“…White Solid; Yield: 90-91 %; M. P.: 135-136 °C; 1 H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3 ; ppm; δ): 7.52 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, ArÀ H, 2H), 7.43 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, ArÀ H, 3H), 7.35 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, ArÀ H, 2H), 7.13-7.08 (m, ArÀ H, 2H), 3.54 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, À CH, 1H), 3.29-2.18 (m, 2H), 1.53 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, À CH 3 , 3H), 1.09 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 13…”

“…White Solid; Yield: 87 %; M. P.: 140-141 °C; 1 H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3 ; ppm; δ): 7.52 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, ArÀ H, 2H), 7.43 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, ArÀ H, 3H), 7.39 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, ArÀ H, 1H), 7.13-7.07 (m, ArÀ H, 2H), 5.35 (s, À NH, 1H), 3.55 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, À CH, 1H), 3.25 (m, 2H), 1.53 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, À CH 3 , 3H), 1.43-1.35 (m, 2H), 1.28-1.19 (m, 2H), 0.88 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 13 C-NMR (150 MHz, CDCl 3 ; ppm; δ): 173.2, 160.6, 158.9, 142.9, 135. 3, 128.9, 128.4, 127.7, 123.6, 115.3, 46.7, 39.4, 31.6, 19.9, 18.5, 13.7…”

“…[7,8] By blocking the breakdown of polysaccharides into their basic monomers, α-glucosidase inhibition lowers blood sugar levels.. [9,10] The local action of the α-glucosidase inhibitors in the human intestine distinguishes them from other hypoglycemic medications that control specific metabolic processes. [11,12] Meanwhile, these inhibitors' therapeutic applications are accompanied by unwanted side effects such flatulence, [13] diarrhea, [14] and abdominal pain. [15] Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel αglucosidase inhibitors that have no or few negative effects.…”

“…CH 2 , 2H), 3.65 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, À CH, 1H), 1.54 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, À CH 3 , 3H) 13. C-NMR (150 MHz, CDCl 3 ; ppm; δ): 173.7, 160.6, 158.9, 147.8, 147.3, 142.2, 136.9, 135.2, 128.9, 128.4, 127.9, 127.7, 124.0, 123.5, 46.5, 41.0, 18.5.…”