Disruptions to women's social identity: A comparative study of workplace stress experienced by women in three geographic regions.

Abstract

Drawing on social identity theory (P. J. Burke, 1991) and the current status of women and equal opportunity legislation, the authors tested several factors associated with distress in working women in the People's Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong, and the United States. Women in Hong Kong experienced significantly greater levels of life stress than PRC and U.S. women. Reports of negative attitudes toward women, gender evaluation, and avoidance coping were greater for Hong Kong and PRC women than for U.S. women. Hong Kong women reported more use of positive/confrontational coping mechanisms. Negative attitudes toward women had an important influence on life stress across regions. Moderator tests resulted in 2 significant findings: The effect of negative attitudes toward women on life stress was stronger for PRC and Hong Kong women, and the relationship between nervous/self-destructive coping and life stress was stronger for U.S. women.

Self-Regulation of Driving and Older Drivers' Functional Abilities

“…For each condition that they nominated, participants were asked to indicate on a three point scale how much they thought it affected their everyday functioning. A health scale of this nature has previously been used by Steinberg et al (1994) and in a road safety context by Stalvey and Owsley (2000). The selfratings of the extent to which medical conditions affected everyday functioning were summed for each participant to give an index of general health.…”

“…The participants were required to complete a questionnaire on driving habits and attitudes that was based on questionnaires used previously in studies of older drivers (Owsley, Stalvey, Wells, & Sloane, 1999;Stalvey & Owsley, 2000). Included in the questionnaire were items about avoidance of difficult driving situations.…”

“…The potential for older drivers to regulate their own driving behaviour has been identified as "central to current thinking about licence reassessment because if older drivers are self-regulating adequately, then there is less need for… mandatory licence retesting" (Charlton, 2002, p51). Successful self-regulation should result in decreased older driver crashes through a reduction in exposure and, particularly, a reduction in exposure to difficult situations and conditions, whilst still allowing the maintenance of mobility (Stalvey & Owsley, 2000). Studies of self-regulation have revealed that older drivers often report deliberately avoiding a number of difficult driving situations and conditions, including night driving, inclement weather, busy traffic, high speed roads, unfamiliar areas, and unprotected turns across traffic or at complex junctions (Eberhard, 1996;Gallo, Rebok, & Lesikar, 1999;Holland & Rabbitt, 1994).…”

Licence restrictions as an under-used strategy in managing older driver safety

“…Stalvey and Owsley (2000) found that self-regulation can be missing at least for some sub-groups of older drivers and advocated interventions that promote self-regulation and the use of compensatory strategies as one means to ensure continued and adequate levels of both mobility and safety. A graduated driving reduction program systematically and comprehensively applied by a licensing authority to appropriate drivers only, would comply with this recommendation.…”

Gender Bias in the Public Relations Industry in Malaysia: Comparing Public Relations Practitioners’ Job Functions, Incomes, and Career Prospects

“…Gyllensten and Palmer (2005) report that women who are employed in an organisation that practices gender bias culture have lower salaries, less opportunity to promoted, and lower positions as compared to men who have the same educational background and work experience. According to Shaffer et al (2000), women with a college education take home paychecks similar to men with high school education in the United States.…”