Disruption of the Outer Segments of the Photoreceptors on Optical Coherence Tomography as a Feature of Vitamin a Deficiency

Jevnikar, Kristina; Šuštar, Maja; Kozjek, Nada Rotovnik; Štrucl, Ana M; Markelj, Špela; Hawlina, Marko; Fakin, Ana

doi:10.1097/icb.0000000000001060

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…With an increase in the SDI, the male-to-female ratio of the incidence of VAD was more biased toward the younger age group, whereas the male-to-female ratio of the DALY rate had the opposite bias. This might be because a greater awareness of health and availability of advanced diagnostic techniques in high-SDI regions resulted in a higher VAD detection rate in children and adolescents [ 37 ]. Meanwhile, increases in population aging and life expectancy bring increased risks of health problems related to VAD [ 38 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Burden of Vitamin A Deficiency in 204 Countries and Territories from 1990–2019

et al. 2022

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Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is one of the important public health issues worldwide. However, a detailed understanding of the incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to VAD in recent years is lacking. We aimed to estimate the incidence and DALYs of VAD at global, regional, and national levels in terms of sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI). Using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was measured to assess trends in the age-standardized incidence and DALY rates from 1990 to 2019. The global age-standardized incidence and DALY rates of VAD decreased with an EAPC of −3.11% (95% confidence interval (CI): −3.24% to −2.94%) and −2.18% (95% CI: −2.38% to −1.93%), respectively. The age-standardized incidence and DALY rates decreased least in low-SDI regions, which had the highest age-standardized incidence and DALY rates of all SDI regions. Sub-Saharan Africa, especially central sub-Saharan Africa, had the highest age-standardized incidence and DALY rates in 2019. At the national level, Somalia and Niger had the highest age-standardized incidence and DALY rates. The age-standardized incidence and DALY rates were higher in males than in females. Younger children, especially those aged < 5 years in low-SDI regions, had a higher VAD burden than other age groups. Although the global burden of VAD has decreased, future work should aim to improve the prevention and treatment strategies for VAD, particularly in children aged < 5 years in countries and territories with low SDI values, such as sub-Saharan Africa.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Burden of Vitamin A Deficiency in 204 Countries and Territories from 1990–2019

et al. 2022

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“…Interestingly, S-cones were shown to be affected prior to the L and M cones [81]. Recently, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been shown as a useful diagnostic method, which shows abnormalities at the level of photoreceptor outer segments [83] (Figure 2). Similarly, vitamin A deficiency can be monitored by fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging.…”

Section: Retinal Signs Of Hypovitaminosis Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vitamin A replacement results in improvement of retinal function as well as structure, however long-term deficiency can lead to permanent degeneration of photoreceptors [31,80,81,[83][84][85][86][87][88]90]. Interestingly, hypovitaminosis A has also been associated with reversible ganglion cell thinning [83], the reason for which is not understood but may reflect other vitamin A roles in the retina. The functional impairment may be demonstrated using electrophysiology [80][81][82].…”

Section: Retinal Signs Of Hypovitaminosis Amentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Vitamin A in Retinal Diseases

Sajovic

Meglič

Glavač

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Vitamin A is an essential fat-soluble vitamin that occurs in various chemical forms. It is essential for several physiological processes. Either hyper- or hypovitaminosis can be harmful. One of the most important vitamin A functions is its involvement in visual phototransduction, where it serves as the crucial part of photopigment, the first molecule in the process of transforming photons of light into electrical signals. In this process, large quantities of vitamin A in the form of 11-cis-retinal are being isomerized to all-trans-retinal and then quickly recycled back to 11-cis-retinal. Complex machinery of transporters and enzymes is involved in this process (i.e., the visual cycle). Any fault in the machinery may not only reduce the efficiency of visual detection but also cause the accumulation of toxic chemicals in the retina. This review provides a comprehensive overview of diseases that are directly or indirectly connected with vitamin A pathways in the retina. It includes the pathophysiological background and clinical presentation of each disease and summarizes the already existing therapeutic and prospective interventions.

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“…Similarly, our team has previously reported instances of altered proximal photoreceptor outer segments observed by SD-OCT imaging in the DJ-1 and Nyx-NOB mice due presumably to the influence of oxidative stress and streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus ( 6 – 8 ). Others have shown OCT images with similar phenotypes from multiple species including rodents ( 9 – 13 ), canines ( 14 ), and humans ( 15 – 17 ); although these changes have been predominantly shown in pigmented as opposed to albino subjects. The changes detected in the “proximal” photoreceptor outer segments are somewhat similar in appearance to Stage 1 changes reported in humans before the development of reticular pseudodrusen ( 18 ), thus suggesting a clinical relevance to our previous and current observations made in multiple mouse strains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

A comparison of optophysiological biomarkers of photoreceptor stress and phototoxicity in BALB/cJ, B6(Cg)-Tyrc-2J/J, and C57Bl/6J mouse strains

et al. 2023

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IntroductionOphthalmic imaging instruments, including the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography system, originally intended for revealing ocular microstructures in the human eye, have been deployed by vision researchers to evaluate the eyes of numerous small and large animal species for more than two decades. In this study, we have used these two instruments to obtain imaging data sequentially from the retinas of three prominent, widely used experimental mouse models to document changes induced by two contrasting vivarium lighting conditions. Mice studied include albino BALB/cJ and B6(Cg)-Tyrc-2J/J and pigmented C57Bl/6J.MethodsMice were reared under dim light conditions until ~8 weeks of age where they underwent baseline imaging. Following, mice were returned to the dim vivarium or relocated to the top rack cage position in a standard vivarium. Mice were then followed for several months by ocular imaging to catalog the retinal dynamics as a function of long-term dim vs. elevated, standard vivarium lighting exposure levels.ResultsUpon exposure to elevated light levels, B6(Cg)-Tyrc-2J/J underwent similar changes as BALB/cJ in regard to photoreceptor outer segment shortening, photoreceptor layer proximal aspect hyperreflective changes, and the development of retinal infoldings and autofluorescent sub-retinal inflammatory monocyte infiltrate. Noteworthy, however, is that infoldings and infiltrate occurred at a slower rate of progression in B6(Cg)-Tyrc-2J/J vs. BALB/cJ. The photoreceptor outer nuclear layer thickness of BALB/cJ degenerated steadily following elevated light onset. In contrast, B6(Cg)-Tyrc-2J/J degeneration was unremarkable for many weeks before experiencing a noticeable change in the rate of degeneration that was concomitant with a plateau and decreasing trend in number of retinal infoldings and monocyte infiltrate. Pathological changes in C57Bl/6J mice were unremarkable for all imaging biomarkers assessed with exception to autofluorescent sub-retinal inflammatory monocyte infiltrate, which showed significant accumulation in dim vs. elevated light exposed mice following ~1 year of observation. These data were evaluated using Spearman’s correlation and Predictive Power Score matrices to determine the best imaging optophysiological biomarkers for indicating vivarium light stress and light-induced photoreceptor degeneration.DiscussionThis study suggests that changes in proximal aspect hyperreflectivity, outer segment shortening, retinal infoldings and autofluorescent sub-retinal inflammatory monocyte infiltrate are excellent indicators of light stress and light-induced degeneration in albino B6(Cg)-Tyrc-2J/J and BALB/cJ mouse strains.

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Disruption of the Outer Segments of the Photoreceptors on Optical Coherence Tomography as a Feature of Vitamin a Deficiency

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

Global Burden of Vitamin A Deficiency in 204 Countries and Territories from 1990–2019

Global Burden of Vitamin A Deficiency in 204 Countries and Territories from 1990–2019

The Role of Vitamin A in Retinal Diseases

A comparison of optophysiological biomarkers of photoreceptor stress and phototoxicity in BALB/cJ, B6(Cg)-Tyrc-2J/J, and C57Bl/6J mouse strains

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