Disruption of overshadowing and latent inhibition in high schizotypy individuals

Granger, Kiri; Prados, José; Young, Andrew M. J.

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.05.003

Cited by 29 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Thus higher cognitive processes may have overridden OS in this case. In contrast, the Lego task variant in which OS was demonstrated may have more in common with other human associative learning tasks which have reported an OS effect (e.g., geometric place learning [31,55]). In any event, the findings of the present study suggest that the presence of OS may depend on certain parameters within the design of the experiment, as appears to be the case for KB [56].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…However, there been relatively little systematic investigation of the brain substrates of OS and how these may compare with those of KB. Moreover, if different mechanisms are responsible for LI, KB and OS, then we would expect OS to show a different relation with schizotypy scores to that reported to date [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Consistent with this suggestion, conditioning to foodrelated cues was stronger than that seen when Lego images were used as CSs. OS is a generally robust effect, the lack of any difference between cues presented singly rather than 1 Following the statistical approach used in Granger et al [31], four stepwise regressions were carried out using the four dimensions derived from the O-LIFE and age and gender as covariates and the four OS measures as the DV. All of these regressions were not significant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All of these regressions were not significant. This was done for the purpose of direct comparison with Granger et al [31] as normally a regression analysis is not recommended for samples of this size [47].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, there is evidence for reduced KB in individuals scoring highly on UnExp and CogDis schizotypy measures [13,30]. Using a geometric associative learning task, Granger, Prados and Young [31] demonstrated attenuated LI and OS in high-schizotypy individuals, specifically relating reduced OS and LI to increased UnExp scores. However, task variant may be a critical factor since a later study which used a different (letter identification) task variant reported the opposite direction of association for LI [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Overshadowing depends on cue and reinforcement sensitivity but not schizotypy

Pickett

Cassaday

Bibby

2017

Behavioural Brain Research

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There is evidence for impaired selective learning mechanisms in individuals high in schizotypy. Overshadowing provides a direct test of selective learning based on cue salience and has previously been reported to be impaired in relation to schizotypy scores. The present study tested for overshadowing using food allergy and Lego construction task variants. Both variants used the same number of conditioned stimulus (CS) cues and the same number of learning trials. CS cues were trained in compound pairs or in isolation and overshadowing was subsequently tested on trials followed by negative versus positive outcomes. Participants also completed the O-LIFE to measure schizotypy and BIS-BAS scales to measure reinforcement sensitivity. Learning was demonstrated for both cue variants; however overshadowing emerged only in the Lego variant and only on the trials followed by the negative outcome. Contrary to expectations, there was no evidence for any relationship between overshadowing and O-LIFE scores. However, there was evidence of a positive relationship between overshadowing and BAS-Drive as well as a negative relationship with BIS-Anxiety, for the trials followed by the positive outcome in the food allergy variant. These results suggest that the development of overshadowing depends on cue and reinforcement sensitivity, but not necessarily on schizotypy. Behavioural Brain Research 3

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Overshadowing depends on cue and reinforcement sensitivity but not schizotypy

Pickett

Cassaday

Bibby

2017

Behavioural Brain Research

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Not all stress is created equal: Acute, not ambient stress, impairs learning in high schizotypes

2021

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Learning from feedback is essential for daily functioning, with factors that impact learning having implications for healthy and clinical populations. Reinforcement learning appears impaired across the psychosis continuum, with deficits reported in patients with psychotic disorders as well as high schizotypes from the general population. Stress can impair learning, and sensitivity to stress is present along the psychosis continuum. The aim of the present study was to understand if stress impairs reinforcement learning in those at the lower end of the psychosis continuum. We investigated both naturalistic stress in everyday life using daily hassles (Study 1: n = 70; 31% male, M age = 22.67 years) and acute psychosocial stress using the Trier Social Stress Test (Study 2: n = 57; 32% male, M age = 22.43 years). In the presence of naturalistic stress, learning did not differ across schizotypes. However, under acute psychosocial stress, high schizotypes experienced impaired learning. Our results suggest trail‐and‐error learning is robust to the ebbs and flows of everyday stress for high schizotypes; however, acute stress is associated with decrements in learning. This indicates that the magnitude of stressors should be considered when designing cognitive and functional interventions for those along the psychosis continuum.

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Modeling Schizophrenia: Focus on Developmental Models

Becker

2016

Neuromethods

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Disruption of overshadowing and latent inhibition in high schizotypy individuals

Cited by 29 publications

References 36 publications

Overshadowing depends on cue and reinforcement sensitivity but not schizotypy

Overshadowing depends on cue and reinforcement sensitivity but not schizotypy

Not all stress is created equal: Acute, not ambient stress, impairs learning in high schizotypes

Modeling Schizophrenia: Focus on Developmental Models

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