Disrupted glucose homeostasis and glucagon and insulin secretion defects in Robo βKO mice

Abstract

The islets of Langerhans control glucose homeostasis through coordinated hormone secretion. There are at least five different types of islet endocrine cells, which are characterized by the hormones they produce. The three most common are the insulin-producing β cell, the glucagonproducing α cell, and the somatostatin-producing δ cell. Within the rodent islet, endocrine cells are organized such that β cells preferentially reside in the core, while non-β endocrine cells reside in the periphery. 1 In humans, islet architecture is more complex, 2,3 but is still non-random and governed by the preferential formation of homotypic interactions between endocrine cells. [4][5][6] The number and type of homotypic and heterotypic cell-cell interactions within the islet are important for intra-islet paracrine signaling and the electrical cellcell coupling required to coordinate the interdependent pulsatile patterns of insulin, somatostatin, and glucagon secretion. 7,8 In response to elevated glucose, β cells co-secrete insulin in a synchronized, pulsatile pattern allowed for by the high level of gap-junctional coupling

Unveiling the Nutritional Veil of Sulforaphane: With a Major Focus on Glucose Homeostasis Modulation

“…Complex mechanisms of endocrine signals primarily derived from the adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, skeletal muscle, and kidney regulate glucose homeostasis [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]. This process is tightly controlled by several hormones, primarily insulin and glucagon, as well as other factors such as diet and physical activity [ 63 , 64 ]. When blood glucose levels rise after a meal, the pancreas releases insulin, which signals cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream and store it as glycogen in the liver and muscles.…”