Dispositional negativity, cognition, and anxiety disorders: An integrative translational neuroscience framework

Hur, Juyoen; Stockbridge, Melissa D.; Fox, Andrew S.; Shackman, Alexander J.

doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.012

Cited by 66 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 531 publications

(700 reference statements)

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“…The most extreme subgroups likely constitute a risk cluster and a resilient cluster, respectively, characterized by high vs. low mean fear response and strong vs. weak fear generalization plus high vs. low levels of anxiety traits. However, regarding the well-established link between anxiety traits and the risk for anxiety disorders 55 , it seems that the behavioral phenotype and the psychometrically assessed phenotype are relatively independent at least in healthy individuals and should be considered as two separable risk factors for the development of pathological forms of fear and anxiety. Our results further emphasize that the group characteristics explaining most variance, i.e., increased mean fear responses and reduced CS-differentiation, are already evident during fear conditioning, a finding challenging the assumed unique importance of overgeneralization as a crucial risk factor for anxiety disorders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences in human fear generalization—pattern identification and implications for anxiety disorders

et al. 2019

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Previous research indicates that anxiety disorders are characterized by an overgeneralization of conditioned fear as compared with healthy participants. Therefore, fear generalization is considered a key mechanism for the development of anxiety disorders. However, systematic investigations on the variance in fear generalization are lacking. Therefore, the current study aims at identifying distinctive phenotypes of fear generalization among healthy participants. To this end, 1175 participants completed a differential fear conditioning phase followed by a generalization test. To identify patterns of fear generalization, we used a k-means clustering algorithm based on individual arousal generalization gradients. Subsequently, we examined the reliability and validity of the clusters and phenotypical differences between subgroups on the basis of psychometric data and markers of fear expression. Cluster analysis reliably revealed five clusters that systematically differed in mean responses, differentiation between conditioned threat and safety, and linearity of the generalization gradients, though mean response levels accounted for most variance. Remarkably, the patterns of mean responses were already evident during fear acquisition and corresponded most closely to psychometric measures of anxiety traits. The identified clusters reliably described subgroups of healthy individuals with distinct response characteristics in a fear generalization test. Following a dimensional view of psychopathology, these clusters likely delineate risk factors for anxiety disorders. As crucial group characteristics were already evident during fear acquisition, our results emphasize the importance of average fear responses and differentiation between conditioned threat and safety as risk factors for anxiety disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences in human fear generalization—pattern identification and implications for anxiety disorders

et al. 2019

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“…23 and difficulties disengaging from them 24,25 . This attentional bias towards threat has further been implicated in the maintenance of anxiety disorders (as reviewed in 26 ). A meta-analysis on attentional biases towards pain confirmed that healthy participants and chronic pain patients show heightened attention towards impending pain signals 27 suggesting a potential relationship between gaze patterns, commonly interpreted as markers of attention, and threat-related cues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freezing of gaze during action preparation under threat imminence

Rösler

Gamer

2019

Sci Rep

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When confronted with threatening stimuli, animals typically respond with freezing behavior characterized by reduced movement and heart rate deceleration. Freezing-like responses during threat anticipation have also been observed in humans and are associated with anxiety. Recent evidence yet suggests that freezing does not necessarily reflect helpless immobility but can also aid the preparation of a threat escape. To investigate which further behavioral responses human freezing encompasses, we presented 50 young adults (10 male) with aversive stimuli that could sometimes be avoided while measuring gaze, cardiovascular and electrodermal activity. In trials in which the threat could be escaped, participants displayed reduced heart rate, increased electrodermal activity and reduced visual exploration. Furthermore, heart rate deceleration and restricted visual exploration predicted the speed of flight responses. These results provide evidence for freezing behavior in measures of visual exploration and suggest that such responding is adaptive in preparing the subsequent escape of approaching threats.

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“…Furthermore, these scar models argue that increases in NA across time lead to subsequent cognitive decline in systems involved in processing (i.e., processing speed, verbal WM, and spatial cognition; Wilson, Begeny, Boyle, Schneider, & Bennett, 2011). Moreover, developmental psychopathology models (Hur, Stockbridge, Fox, & Shackman, 2019) postulate that increases in cognitive dysfunction relate to future increases in NA throughout life. Taken together, change in NA and change in cognitive functioning could be inversely associated across sequential time periods encompassing long durations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Larger increase in trait negative affect is associated with greater future cognitive decline and vice versa across 23 years

Zainal

Newman

2020

Depression and Anxiety

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Background Trait negative affect (NA) is a central feature of anxiety and depression disorders. Neurocognitive and scar models propose that within‐person increase in NA across one period of time relates to a decline in cognitive functioning at a future period of time and vice versa. Yet, there has been little research on whether a within‐person change in trait NA across one time‐lag precedes and is associated with a change in cognition across a future time lag and vice versa. Due to a growing aging population, such knowledge can inform evidence‐based prevention. Methods Participants were 520 dementia‐free community‐dwelling adults (mean age = 59.76 years [standard deviation = 8.96], 58.08% females). Trait‐level NA (negative emotionality scale), spatial cognition (block design and card rotations), verbal working memory (WM; digit span backward), and processing speed (symbol digit modalities) were assessed at five time points (waves) across 23 years. Bivariate dual latent change score (LCS) approaches were used to adjust for regression to the mean, lagged outcomes, and between‐person variability. Results Unique bivariate LCS models showed that within‐person increase in trait NA across two sequential waves was related to declines in spatial cognition, verbal WM, and processing speed across the subsequent two waves. Moreover, within‐person reductions in spatial cognition, verbal WM, and processing speed across two sequential waves were associated with future increases in trait NA across the subsequent two waves. Conclusions Findings concur with neurobiological and scar theories of psychopathology. Furthermore, results support process‐based emotion regulation models that highlight the importance of verbal WM, spatial cognition, and processing speed capacities for downregulating NA.

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Dispositional negativity, cognition, and anxiety disorders: An integrative translational neuroscience framework

Cited by 66 publications

References 531 publications

Individual differences in human fear generalization—pattern identification and implications for anxiety disorders

Individual differences in human fear generalization—pattern identification and implications for anxiety disorders

Freezing of gaze during action preparation under threat imminence

Larger increase in trait negative affect is associated with greater future cognitive decline and vice versa across 23 years

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