Disposal of Coal Combustion Residues in Terrestrial Systems: Contamination and Risk Management

Dellantonio, Alex; Fitz, Walter J.; Repmann, Frank; Wenzel, Walter W.

doi:10.2134/jeq2009.0068

Cited by 43 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(189 reference statements)

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“…The amount of portlandite, the reaction product of lime and water, increases rapidly, and the binding of CO 2 from the air with the formation of calcite occurs simultaneously (2). In four weeks, all of the Ca(OH) 2 has reacted, and the rapid increase in the amount of calcite ceases.…”

Section: Chemical Changes In Ash Under Model Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In four weeks, all of the Ca(OH) 2 has reacted, and the rapid increase in the amount of calcite ceases.…”

Section: Chemical Changes In Ash Under Model Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ash stone formed from the CFBC ash was characterised by high water absorption coefficients (80%), which could enhance the leaching of ash components like alkaline metals and lime into the environment. Due to the relatively low solubility of Ca(OH) 2 , the hazardous effect of formation of Ca 2+ and OH -ions could continue for years while in contact with fresh water.…”

Section: Co 2 Binding By Os Ash and Ash Stone Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…coal, comprise the third largest resource of the world's total primary energy supply. The rising demand for energy, especially in the fast-growing economies of Asia, Africa and the Middle-East, will increase the overall solid fuel consumption in the coming decades [1,2]. This forces one to use lower-quality fossil fuels like oil shale (OS), whose total worldwide resources as extractable shale oil are at least 500 billion tons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Open-Air Deposition of Estonian Oil Shale Ash: Formation, State of Art, Problems and Prospects for the Abatement of Environmental Impact

Kuusik¹,

Uibu²,

Kirsimäe³

et al. 2012

Oil Shale

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Section: Chemical Changes In Ash Under Model Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In four weeks, all of the Ca(OH) 2 has reacted, and the rapid increase in the amount of calcite ceases.…”

Section: Chemical Changes In Ash Under Model Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Co 2 Binding By Os Ash and Ash Stone Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Open-Air Deposition of Estonian Oil Shale Ash: Formation, State of Art, Problems and Prospects for the Abatement of Environmental Impact

Kuusik¹,

Uibu²,

Kirsimäe³

et al. 2012

Oil Shale

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“…A greenhouse study was performed to examine how leachable trace elements from fly ash (FA), the lightest and most abundant form of CCR (Dellantonio et al 2010), accumulate in wetland microcosms. Microcosms with and without emergent macrophytes were compared to evaluate the influence of these plants on water quality, as well as their bioaccumulation potential.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of Coal Ash Leachates and Emergent Macrophytes on Water Quality in Wetland Microcosms

Olson

Misenheimer

Nelson

et al. 2017

Water Air Soil Pollut

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The storage of coal combustion residue (CCR) in surface water impoundments may have an impact on nearby water quality and aquatic ecosystems. CCR contains leachable trace elements that can enter nearby waters through spills and monitored discharge. It is important, therefore, to understand their environmental fate in affected systems. This experiment examined trace element leachability into freshwater from fly ash (FA), the most common form of CCR. The effects on water quality of FA derived from both high and low sulfur coal sources as well as the influences of two different emergent macrophytes, Juncus effusus and Eleocharis quadrangulata, were evaluated in wetland microcosms. FA leachate dosings increased water electric conductivity (EC), altered pH, and, most notably, elevated the concentrations of boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), and manganese (Mn). The presence of either macrophyte species helped reduce elevated EC, and B, Mo, and Mn concentrations over time, relative to microcosms containing no plants. B and Mo appeared to bioaccumulate in the plant tissue from the water when elevated by FA dosing, while Mn was not higher in plants dosed with FA leachates. The results of this study indicate that emergent macrophytes could help ameliorate downstream water contamination from CCR storage facilities and could potentially be utilized in wetland filtration systems to treat CCR wastewater before discharge. Additionally, measuring elevated B and Mo in aquatic plants may have potential as a monitoring tool for downstream CCR contamination.

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The Hydrogen Issue

2010

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Hydrogen is often proposed as the fuel of the future, but the transformation from the present fossil fuel economy to a hydrogen economy will need the solution of numerous complex scientific and technological issues, which will require several decades to be accomplished. Hydrogen is not an alternative fuel, but an energy carrier that has to be produced by using energy, starting from hydrogen-rich compounds. Production from gasoline or natural gas does not offer any advantage over the direct use of such fuels. Production from coal by gasification techniques with capture and sequestration of CO₂ could be an interim solution. Water splitting by artificial photosynthesis, photobiological methods based on algae, and high temperatures obtained by nuclear or concentrated solar power plants are promising approaches, but still far from practical applications. In the next decades, the development of the hydrogen economy will most likely rely on water electrolysis by using enormous amounts of electric power, which in its turn has to be generated. Producing electricity by burning fossil fuels, of course, cannot be a rational solution. Hydroelectric power can give but a very modest contribution. Therefore, it will be necessary to generate large amounts of electric power by nuclear energy of by renewable energies. A hydrogen economy based on nuclear electricity would imply the construction of thousands of fission reactors, thereby magnifying all the problems related to the use of nuclear energy (e.g., safe disposal of radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, plant decommissioning, uranium shortage). In principle, wind, photovoltaic, and concentrated solar power have the potential to produce enormous amounts of electric power, but, except for wind, such technologies are too underdeveloped and expensive to tackle such a big task in a short period of time. A full development of a hydrogen economy needs also improvement in hydrogen storage, transportation and distribution. Hydrogen and electricity can be easily interconverted by electrolysis and fuel cells, and which of these two energy carriers will prevail, particularly in the crucial field of road vehicle powering, will depend on the solutions found for their peculiar drawbacks, namely storage for electricity and transportation and distribution for hydrogen. There is little doubt that power production by renewable energies, energy storage by hydrogen, and electric power transportation and distribution by smart electric grids will play an essential role in phasing out fossil fuels.

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Disposal of Coal Combustion Residues in Terrestrial Systems: Contamination and Risk Management

Cited by 43 publications

References 120 publications

Open-Air Deposition of Estonian Oil Shale Ash: Formation, State of Art, Problems and Prospects for the Abatement of Environmental Impact

Open-Air Deposition of Estonian Oil Shale Ash: Formation, State of Art, Problems and Prospects for the Abatement of Environmental Impact

Influences of Coal Ash Leachates and Emergent Macrophytes on Water Quality in Wetland Microcosms

The Hydrogen Issue

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