Disposable paracetamol sensor based on electroactive molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles for plasma monitoring

Biomimetic Sensors to Detect Bioanalytes in Real-Life Samples Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: A Review

“…Safe and successful disease treatment and drug efficacy optimization require monitoring of actual concentrations of prescription drugs in biological matrices, mostly in blood serum or plasma [ 54 ]. Conventional methods for therapeutic drug monitoring include immunoassays, approaches based on separation techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry, electrochemistry, and chemiluminescence [ 22 , 55 ]. While they yield sufficiently accurate concentration results, they are time-consuming and rely on expensive instrumentation, elaborate sample preparation, and qualified staff [ 55 ].…”

“…Conventional methods for therapeutic drug monitoring include immunoassays, approaches based on separation techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry, electrochemistry, and chemiluminescence [ 22 , 55 ]. While they yield sufficiently accurate concentration results, they are time-consuming and rely on expensive instrumentation, elaborate sample preparation, and qualified staff [ 55 ]. In contrast, biosensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers are thought to provide a way for a low-cost, rapid, and accurate analysis with minimal sample preparation [ 22 ].…”

Determination of sitagliptin in human plasma using a smart electrochemical sensor based on electroactive molecularly imprinted nanoparticles

“…The specific actuation of the polymers and selective binding are obtained only at nanoscale using electroactive molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIP), easily prepared by solid phase synthesis 52 . The operating mode of the nanoMIP relies on a polymer actuation triggered by the recognition of the analyte 53 . Consequently, the analyte binds to the nanoMIP prompting a polymer conformational change, which leads to the exposure of the ferrocene moieties and the increase of the electron transfer at the electrode surface 50,54 .…”

“…Consequently, the analyte recognition event generates a detectable signal monitored via electrochemical techniques. As result, the sensor current response is directly related to the analyte concentration increasing the sensitivity and minimising the cross reactivity in biological samples 54 .…”

“…For this reason, nanoMIP formulation includes electrochemically active ferrocene monomer (FcMMA) 55,56 . The nanoMIP actuation mechanism allows to fabricate sensors with high selectivity and sensitivity in biological samples 50,54 . Therefore, the determination of the analyte can be measured using voltammetric techniques such as differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) by following the nanoMIP electro-activity (Scheme 1).…”