Disposable amperometric biosensors based on xanthine oxidase immobilized in the Prussian blue modified screen-printed three-electrode system

Abstract

The screen-printed three-electrode system was applied to fabricate a new type of disposable amperometric xanthine oxidase biosensor. Carbon-working, carbon-counter and Ag/AgCl reference electrodes were all manually printed on the polyethylene terephthalate substrate forming the screen-printed three-electrode system by the conventional screen-printing process. As a mediator, Prussian blue could not only catalyze the electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide produced from the enzyme reaction, but also keep the favorable potential around 0 V. The optimum operational conditions, including pH, potential and temperature, were investigated. The sensitivities of xanthine and hypoxanthine detections were 13.83 mA/M and 25.56 mA/M, respectively. A linear relationship was obtained in the concentration range between 0.10 M and 4.98 M for xanthine and between 0.50 M and 3.98 M for hypoxanthine. The small Michaelis-menten constant value of the xanthine oxidase biosensor was calculated to be 3.90 M. The results indicate that the fabricated xanthine oxidase biosensor is effective and sensitive for the detection of xanthine and hypoxanthine. xanthine oxidase, xanthine, hypoxanthine, screen-printed three-electrode system, Prussian blue

Density functional theory study of interaction of graphene with hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid

“…Therefore, the accurate measurement of HX, XA, and UA is very important in food, biochemical, and clinical diagnosis [14][15][16][17][18]. Various techniques have been developed for the simultaneous determination of HX, XA, and UA, such as enzymatic methods [19][20][21], as well as a highperformance liquid chromatographic method [22][23][24]. Because of the significant role of carbon nanomaterials in biological field [25][26][27], which are widely used as electrodes in biosensors [28].…”

Electrodeposition of dendritic gold/silver nanaoparticles on disposable screen‐printed carbon electrode and its application of 4‐mercaptopyridine in in situ electrochemical surface‐enhanced Raman scattering

“…The scheme and similar fabrication steps for SPEs were reported in our previous paper . Carbon ink (Jujo Chemical Co., Ltd, Japan), silver ink (Shanghai Baoyin Electronic Materials Co., Ltd, China), and Ag/AgCl ink (Xuzhou Cambridge Nano‐tech Co., Ltd, China) were successively printed using a stencil and dried in a drier after each printing (carbon: 71 °C, 30 min; silver: 120 °C, 40 min; and Ag/AgCl:100 °C,10 min).…”

“…[26] Carbon ink (Jujo Chemical Co., Ltd, Japan), silver ink (Shanghai Baoyin Electronic Materials Co., Ltd, China), and Ag/AgCl ink (Xuzhou Cambridge Nano-tech Co., Ltd, China) were successively printed using a stencil and dried in a drier after each printing (carbon: 71°C, 30 min; silver: 120°C, 40 min; and Ag/AgCl:100°C,10 min). Then, the insulated ink (Acheson Colloids Co., USA) was printed and dried under an ultraviolet lamp for 90 s.…”

Electrochemical xanthine biosensor based on zinc oxide nanoparticles‒multiwalled carbon nanotubes‒1,4-benzoquinone composite

“…High potentials used for the electrooxidation of H2O2 make the electrode sensitive to common interferences. The use of artificial electron transfer mediators including Prussian blue, colloidal gold, ferrocene and its derivatives, cobalt phthalocyanine and ferricyanide to eliminate the influence of interferences is a common approach in xanthine enzyme electrodes (15,16,17,18).…”

“…Therefore, 1.0 mg mL -1 BQ was used for biosensor construction. The decrease in the response current of the biosensor at high MWCNTs, ZnONPs or BQ concentrations could be due to an increase in the diffusion barrier for the electroactive species toward electrode surface(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19).Various XOx amounts (0.06; 0.12; 0.25 and 0.50 U) were immobilized onto the BQ-MWCNTs-ZnO-CS/GCE to optimize the enzyme amount(Figure 4). It is clear from the figure that the response current increased from 0.06 to 0.25 U and then decreased.…”