Display Size Preferences and Foraging Habits of High Andean Butterflies Pollinating<i>Chaetanthera lycopodioides</i>(Asteraceae) in the Subnival of the Central Chilean Andes

Arroyo, Mary T. K.; Till–Bottraud, Irène; Torres, Cristián; Henríquez, Carolina A.; Martinez, J.C. Gimeno

doi:10.1657/1523-0430(06-017)[arroyo]2.0.co;2

Cited by 18 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The plasticity of the corolla life-time seems to be the most important above all in determining the duration of a flower's functionality. The visual appearance of a flower is the main cue to attract pollinators (Arroyo et al, 2007;Fabbro and Körner, 2004;Totland, 2001). Flowers with wilted or shed corollas would no longer be visited.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flower longevity and duration of pistil receptivity in high mountain plants

Steinacher

Wagner

2010

Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flower longevity and duration of pistil receptivity in high mountain plants

Steinacher

Wagner

2010

Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants

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“…tend to become reduced at high altitude [66,67]. At the same time temperature increases as distance from the ground decreases [42,55]. As work progressed in Yr 1, notable differences in flower height along the altitudinal gradient became evident.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High altitude plants, in addition to the global altitudinal temperature decrease, must contend with significant small-scale spatial temperature variation in the soil [38], at the soil surface [39,40] and close to the ground [41,42]. This local temperature variation arises from complex interplay between topography, incoming radiation and atmospheric circulation and can be associated with notable differences in pollinator composition and flower visitation rates [41,43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In spite of its appealing simplicity, that temperature-driven plasticity could contribute to (although not necessarily explain all) altitudinal variation in potential flower longevity over the alpine gradient has not been tested. A test of this hypothesis in natural populations requires three conditions: 1) The source of external pollination on flower longevity must be eliminated; 2) Flower longevity measurements must be representative of the entire flowering season at each altitude so as to eliminate spurious differences in flower longevity arising from seasonal displacement of flowering and weather variation at different altitudes; 3) Given that temperature increases rapidly close to the ground in the alpine [42,55], temperature around flowers should be measured at the height above ground at which flowers are disposed. No study on potential flower longevity in the alpine, as far as we can tell, complies completely with all these conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plastic Responses Contribute to Explaining Altitudinal and Temporal Variation in Potential Flower Longevity in High Andean Rhodolirion montanum

et al. 2016

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The tendency for flower longevity to increase with altitude is believed by many alpine ecologists to play an important role in compensating for low pollination rates at high altitudes due to cold and variable weather conditions. However, current studies documenting an altitudinal increase in flower longevity in the alpine habitat derive principally from studies on open-pollinated flowers where lower pollinator visitation rates at higher altitudes will tend to lead to flower senescence later in the life-span of a flower in comparison with lower altitudes, and thus could confound the real altitudinal pattern in a species´ potential flower longevity. In a two-year study we tested the hypothesis that a plastic effect of temperature on flower longevity could contribute to an altitudinal increase in potential flower longevity measured in pollinator-excluded flowers in high Andean Rhodolirium montanum Phil. (Amaryllidaceae). Using supplemental warming we investigated whether temperature around flowers plastically affects potential flower longevity. We determined tightly temperature-controlled potential flower longevity and flower height for natural populations on three alpine sites spread over an altitudinal transect from 2350 and 3075 m a.s.l. An experimental increase of 3.1°C around flowers significantly decreased flower longevity indicating a plastic response of flowers to temperature. Flower height in natural populations decreased significantly with altitude. Although temperature negatively affects flower longevity under experimental conditions, we found no evidence that temperature around flowers explains site variation in flower longevity over the altitudinal gradient. In a wetter year, despite a 3.5°C temperature difference around flowers at the extremes of the altitudinal range, flower longevity showed no increase with altitude. However, in a drier year, flower longevity increased significantly with altitude. The emerging picture suggests an increase in flower longevity along the altitudinal gradient is less common for potential flower longevity than for open-pollination flower longevity. Independently of any selection that may occur on potential longevity, plastic responses of flowers to environmental conditions are likely to contribute to altitudinal variation in flower longevity, especially in dry alpine areas. Such plastic responses could push flowers of alpine species towards shorter life-lengths under climate change, with uncertain consequences for successful pollination and plant fitness in a warming world.

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“…Pollinators involve many flying animals, but insects, particularly bees and butterflies have received most attention, since they have traditionally been considered as the significant selective force to play role in floral evolution (Kudoh & Whigham 1998;Galen 1999;Goulson 1999). Plants have evolved a number of properties to attract their potential pollinators (David & Gardiner 1961;Gardener & Gilman 2002;Arroyo et al 2007). But, the odour and colour of the flowers (Odell et al 1999;Balkenius & Kelber 2004;Theis 2006;Osorio & Vorobyev 2008) have accommodated pollinators to a much greater extent, even though this attraction has sometimes had an array of costs (Galen 1999;Collin et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What colour of flowers do Lepidoptera prefer for foraging?

2010

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Food plant preferences of some Lepidoptera species associated with particular colour of the flowers were investigated. Based on 1,329 field observations of 43 Lepidoptera and 66 plant species, Lepidoptera showed a high tendency (G-test, G adj = 698.6, df = 6, P < 0.001) to use the yellow (29%) and pink (28%) coloured flowers for foraging. Compared to the other colours it was evident that plants with red flowers (2%) were not preferred. Moreover, the plants with red (H = 0.435) and yellow-white (H = 0.543) flowers were not visited by diverse Lepidoptera species. Although yellow and pink flowers were most frequently visited, the highest degrees of the Lepidoptera diversity values were associated with the plants having blue (H = 0.647) and purple (H = 0.634) flowers. Species of Nymphalidae were most numerous (14 spp.) in the study area and the members of this family were observed 430 times on 39 different plant species, but never on plants with red flowers. Pieris rapae was the most abundant species that occurred 136 times on a total of 21 different plant species of which eight had yellow flowers. But, this species has never been seen while feeding on red flowers.

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Display Size Preferences and Foraging Habits of High Andean Butterflies PollinatingChaetanthera lycopodioides(Asteraceae) in the Subnival of the Central Chilean Andes

Cited by 18 publications

References 44 publications

Flower longevity and duration of pistil receptivity in high mountain plants

Flower longevity and duration of pistil receptivity in high mountain plants

Plastic Responses Contribute to Explaining Altitudinal and Temporal Variation in Potential Flower Longevity in High Andean Rhodolirion montanum

What colour of flowers do Lepidoptera prefer for foraging?

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