Displacement from gendered personhood: sexual violence and masculinities in northern Uganda

Schulz, Philipp

doi:10.1093/ia/iiy146

Cited by 65 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…Rape and gang-rape in conflict contexts also concern male victims and can be as widespread and multidimensional as sexual violence against women (Christian et al, 2011). Explanations for sexual violence against men have re-emphasized feminist arguments of emasculation through feminization or homosexualization (Schulz, 2018). Forms of sexual mutilation against men reflect the core of humiliation, dehumanization and literal emasculation (Sivakumaran, 2007).…”

Section: Variation Of Conflict-related Sexual Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

Restrained or constrained? Elections, communal conflicts, and variation in sexual violence

Krause

2020

Journal of Peace Research

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Anecdotal evidence suggests that sexual violence varies significantly across cases of election violence and communal conflicts but systematic research is scarce. Post-election violence is particularly likely if electoral mobilization further polarizes longstanding communal conflicts and political elites do not instruct security forces to intervene decisively. I comparatively analyse two prominent cases of post-election violence in Kenya (2007/8) and Nigeria (2008) that exhibit stark variation in sexual violence. Patrimonial networks and norms of violent masculinity that increase the probability of (gang) rape were present in both cases and do not explain variation. Civil war research has identified three explanations for the variation in sexual violence: situational constraints; ordered sexual violence or restraint; and bottom-up dynamics of sexual violence or restraint. I examine these for the context of post-election violence. I argue that the type of communal conflict triggered by electoral mobilization explains variation in sexual violence. In Kenya, pogroms of a majority group against a minority allowed for the time and space to perpetrate widespread sexual violence while in Nigeria, dyadic clashes between similarly strong groups offered less opportunity but produced a significantly higher death toll. These findings have important implications for preventing election violence. They demonstrate that civilian vulnerability is gendered and that high levels of sexual violence do not necessarily correspond to high levels of lethal violence. Ignoring sexual violence means underestimating the real intensity of conflict and its impact on the political process.

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Section: Variation Of Conflict-related Sexual Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

Restrained or constrained? Elections, communal conflicts, and variation in sexual violence

Krause

2020

Journal of Peace Research

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“…According to survivors, these group processes also mitigate isolation and help them to escape loneliness, which prior to joining the groups was often characteristic of survivors' lived realities (Schulz 2018a). Based on research with members of survivors' associations in postconflict Peru, de Waardt (2016) argues that "a motivation for participating in the activities of the [victim-survivors' associations] has to do with being in the company of others who have experienced the same type of hardship" (445).…”

Section: Reestablishing Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male Survivors of Wartime Sexual Violence

Schulz¹

2020

Self Cite

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“…Advocates highlight, for example, how the impacts of conflict-related displacement, disability, economic decline, and changes in women's roles can lead to a loss of livelihoods and other factors often central to masculine identity (Vess et al 2013; International Rescue Committee 2016). However, this argument has perhaps surfaced most frequently in advocacy around the prevention of, and response to, sexual violence against men and boys in conflict, which is sometimes argued to derive its potency from its effects on masculine identity (Carpenter 2006, 94;Dolan 2014a, 492;Schulz 2018).…”

Section: "Male Vulnerabilities" Argumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Masculinities perspectives”: advancing a radical Women, Peace and Security agenda?

Wright

2019

International Feminist Journal of Politics

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Feminist scholars have long explored the relationships between masculinities, femininities, and war, yet men are rarely named in Women, Peace and Security (WPS) policies, and masculinities even less commonly. Some activists in favor of bringing analysis of masculinities into WPS policies propose that a focus on reshaping masculinities and femininities as a strategy for resisting militarism is necessary to return the agenda to what they perceive as its "original" purpose of preventing war. Drawing on my personal experiences as an NGO advocate, and on participant observation and interviews with UK government officials, this article explores what we can learn from efforts to integrate a "masculinities perspective" into WPS policies. I argue that, while some language concerning men and boys and, to a lesser degree, masculinity/ies has been incorporated into these policies, this is usually done in ways that subvert the intentions of civil society actors who have advocated for this shift. As a result, these concepts have been assimilated in ways that do not challenge militarism, and indeed at times serve to normalize it. I argue that this demonstrates the limitations of WPS policies as a vehicle for pursuing feminist anti-militarist goals.

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Displacement from gendered personhood: sexual violence and masculinities in northern Uganda

Cited by 65 publications

References 0 publications

Restrained or constrained? Elections, communal conflicts, and variation in sexual violence

Restrained or constrained? Elections, communal conflicts, and variation in sexual violence

Male Survivors of Wartime Sexual Violence

“Masculinities perspectives”: advancing a radical Women, Peace and Security agenda?

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