Dispersive Solid‐Phase (Micro)Extraction

Abstract

Dispersive solid‐phase extraction (DSPE) is a sample treatment technique focused on selectivity enhancement. It was conceived as a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe approach for the determination of pesticides in fruits and vegetables. Its applicability in this field as a standard method has been recognized by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The method involves the extraction of the analytes of interest with acetonitrile, the partitioning being promoted by the presence of salts, typically anhydrous sodium sulfate and sodium chloride. After centrifugation, a reduced amount of dispersive sorbent (in the milligram range) is added. The sorbent is selected to preferably interact with the endogenous matrix components rather than with the analytes of interest. In this way, the organic extract is cleaned up, retaining the target compounds in the liquid phase. Instrumental analysis can be done using the organic phase with or without conditioning. Since its publication, several modifications have been introduced in order to extend its applicability to a wide range of sample–analyte binomials. Recently, a miniaturized version of the DSPE technique has been proposed for analytes preconcentration, the compounds being analyzed after their transference to the organic solvent.

Metal–organic frameworks in chiral separation of pharmaceuticals

“…Small amounts of the sorbent are added to the liquid extract or sample to isolate analytes and further eluted in a few microliters of organic solvent after eliminating the liquid phase and drying. 168 DSPE has potential advantages of selectivity, less solvent, high extraction efficiency, and short extraction time over normal SPE. 169 As far as chiral compounds are concerned, D-μSPE has been used as a preconcentration technique.…”

“…Dispersive micro solid‐phase extraction (D‐μSPE) is a miniaturized version of DSPE. Small amounts of the sorbent are added to the liquid extract or sample to isolate analytes and further eluted in a few microliters of organic solvent after eliminating the liquid phase and drying 168 . DSPE has potential advantages of selectivity, less solvent, high extraction efficiency, and short extraction time over normal SPE 169 .…”