Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with dispersive solid‐phase extraction for gas chromatography with mass spectrometry determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous matrices

Abstract

This study describes a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with dispersive solid-phase extraction method based on phenyl-functionalized magnetic sorbent for the preconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental water, sugarcane juice, and tea samples prior to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis. Several important parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated thoroughly, including the mass of sorbent, type and volume of extraction solvent, extraction time, type of desorption solvent, desorption time, type and amount of salt-induced demulsifier, and sample volume. Under the optimized extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric conditions, the method revealed good linearity (10-100000 ng/L) with coefficient of determination (R ) of ≥0.9951, low limits of detection (3-16 ng/L), high enrichment factors (61-239), and satisfactory analyte recoveries (86.3-109.1%) with the relative standard deviations < 10% (n = 5). The entire sample preparation procedure was simple, rapid and can be accomplished within 10 min. This method was applied (after pretreatment) to 30 selected samples, and the presence of studied analytes was quantified in 17 samples.

Magnetic nanoparticles assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of chloramphenicol in water samples

“…Extraction efficiency increased with increasing stirring rate, reached its maximum value at 800 rpm and decreased thereafter (figure 3c). This trend is consistent with the results from previous reports, which suggested that stirring promotes proper contact area distribution [36] and increased penetration of mass transfer of the solutes [29]. The decreased extraction efficiency evident at a stirring rate of 1000 rpm may have been owing to the formation of a vortex, which could have resulted in poor contact between the analyte and the extracting solvent [36].…”

“…Vibrating sample magnetometer analysis of MNPs were reported previously by our group [29]. royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rsos R. Soc.…”

Deep eutectic solvent based homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction coupled with in‐syringe dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction performed in narrow tube; application in extraction and preconcentration of some herbicides from tea

“…LPME includes diverse techniques characterized by small volumes of organic solvents . Three main modes of LPME are single drop microextraction , hollow fiber–liquid phase microextraction , and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) . DLLME is an important sample preparation method which was firstly performed by Assadi and co–workers .…”

Dispersive solid‐phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction for simultaneous determination of seven succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides in watermelon by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

“…Because of the matrix's complexity, DLLME applications are limited in solid sample . This analysis method of d‐SPE combined with DLLME has reported for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous matrices , pesticides (i.e., diazinon, ametryn, chlorpyrifos, penconazole, oxadiazon, diniconazole, and fenazaquin) in fruit juices , organochlorine pesticides (i.e., α‐BHC, β‐BHC, γ‐BHC, δ‐BHC, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, α‐chlordane, endrin, β‐endosulfan, p,p′‐DDD, endrin aldehyde, and endrin ketone) in vegetables . This method has the advantage of less matrix interference and high enrichment factor, and it has an application prospect for organic contaminants analysis.…”