Dispersion Polymerization of Polystyrene Latex Stabilized with Novel Grafted Poly(ethylene glycol) Macromers in 1-Propanol/Water

Shay, Jennifer S.; English, Robert J.; Spontak, Richard J.; Balik, C. M.; Khan, Saad A.

doi:10.1021/ma992152o

Cited by 38 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…In general, 1 H-NMR or 13 C-NMR techniques are frequently used to determine the existence or ratio of the grafted macromonomer with polymer. 23,24 Although the reactivity of the macromonomer with monomer was investigated using 1 H-NMR spectra in this study, the signals originated between macromonomer and PMMA were not distinguishable since the PEG block in the macromonomer and the methoxy group in the PMMA side chain coexist between 3.5 and 3.7 ppm. Thus, 13 C-NMR is used to verify the existence of the vinyl terminated PEG block in polyurethane macromonomer and the grafted macromonomer with PMMA.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Novel macromonomer as a reactive stabilizer in the dispersion polymerization of methylmethacrylate

et al. 2004

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We have synthesized a novel macromonomer of vinyl-terminated bifunctional polyurethane having a molecular weight of 37,000 g/mol and successfully applied it to the dispersion polymerization of methylmethacrylate (MMA). We verified the presence of the vinyl terminal group and the macromonomer grafted onto the poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG) block in the PMMA particles by using 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopies. Monodisperse PMMA microspheres that have good uniformity of 1.01 were prepared at 20 wt% macromonomer content; we investigated the characteristics of the PMMA particles in terms of their molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, size of the particles, thermal properties, and glass transition temperature. We have found that the synthesized polyurethane macromonomer is an effective stabilizer.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Novel macromonomer as a reactive stabilizer in the dispersion polymerization of methylmethacrylate

et al. 2004

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“…[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] PEG macromonomers possessing a hydrophobic spacer in between the PEG chain and the polymerizable double bond was prepared as a monomer with an appreciable surfactant ability for dispersion polymerization. Because most of the PEG macromonomers prepared so far possess no functional group at the distal chain end, the prepared latex lacks functionality on the surface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Core–Shell Type Polystyrene Latex Possessing Reactive Poly(ethylene glycol) Brushes on the Surface for High Performance Immunodiagnostics

Ogawa

Nagasaki

Shibata

et al. 2002

Polym J

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ABSTRACT:Amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)-b-polylactide (PEG/PLA) block macromonomers with an aldehyde group at the PEG chain end and a methacryloyl group at the PLA chain end were quantitatively synthesized by anionic polymerization. PEGylated latex particles were then prepared by dispersion radical copolymerization of the PEG/PLA block macromonomer with styrene in water. PEG/PLA macromonomer itself works as a surfactant to stabilize styrene droplets in the copolymerization process. Acetal groups at the PEG chain end on the latex particle were quantitatively converted to aldehyde groups by an acid treatment. In this way, polystyrene latex particles covered with PEG tethered chains possessing an aldehyde end-group were obtained. The size of the latex was quantitatively controlled ranging in size from 56 nm to 235 nm by the amount of the block macromonomer. The number of aldehyde groups on the latex particle was estimated to be approximately 0.029 molecules nm −2 by electric spin resonance (ESR) using 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) as a probe. Regardless of the size of the latex particles synthesized in this study, the occupied area of 4-amino-TEMPO on the particle was constant. Biotin was then introduced in a distal end of PEG-strands as a model ligand. The biotin-modified PEGylated latex was coagulated in a facile manner by the addition of avidin. From an inhibitory coagulation test using free biotin, it was found that more than 5.8 × 10 8 times of free biotin was required for the prevention of coagulation. Such a high complex formation ability of the biotin on the latex surface to avidin may be explained by the hypervalency effect. The core-shell type polystyrene latex particles, with reactive PEG brushes thus prepared, show a stable dispersity and a lowered non-specific interaction with proteinous compounds, and may have a promising potential in the diagnostic field.KEY WORDS Polystyrene Latex / Heterobifunctional Block Macromonomer / Aldehyde Group / Ractive Poly(ethylene glycol) Brush / Immunodiagnostic / Latex particles ranging in size from submicron to a few hundred micrometers have been extensively utilized in versatile fields such as paints, inks, adhesives and rubber. The method for controlling size and the size distribution of latex particles has been well established. 1 In 1956, Singer and Plotz reported that polystyrene latex particles adsorbed with immuno gamma globulin G (IgG) can be utilized in immuno diagnostics, 2 because the immuno-coagulation response was enhanced by the use of an IgG adsorbed latex particle. Since then, such a latex-based immunodiagnostic system has been widely utilized and is known as a turbidimetric assay method.When polystyrene-based latex is used in the immunodiagnostic field, non-specific adsorption of protein and cellular components to the latex surface is one of the major obstacles because of its hydrophobic propen- † To whom correspondence should be addressed. sity. Ito et al. reported that dispersion polymerization of styrene in the presence o...

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“…The data were obtained by the calculation of the grafting ratio with the equation proposed by Shay et al 14 and with the 1 H-NMR spectra of the synthesized PS. Two broad peaks ranging from 6 to 7.2 ppm are mainly attributed to the aromatic protons of PS.…”

Section: Grafting Of the Macromonomers With Psmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of polyurethane‐based macromonomers in the dispersion polymerization of styrene

Kim

Lee

Jung

et al. 2008

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Two different polyurethane-based macromonomers, a polyurethane macromonomer with methacrylamide (PUM-M) and a polyurethane macromonomer with acrylamide (PUM-A), were synthesized from poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) of various molecular weights and two different amides, methacrylamide and acrylamide, and they were used for the dispersion polymerization of styrene. The structures of the macromonomers and polystyrene (PS) particles were verified with 13 C-NMR and Fourier transform infrared. The weight-average molecular weights of the PS particles increased with the macromonomer concentration but decreased with the PEG molecular weight. The average diameter of the PS particles increased with the PEG molecular weights but decreased with the macromonomer concentration. The thermal stability of PUM-A-PS was enhanced, and its grafting ratio with 30 wt % PUM-A was much higher than that of PUM-M-PS. Thus, this study suggested that the polyurethane-based macromonomers act not only as reactive stabilizers but also as grafting agents in the dispersion polymerization. In addition, the acrylamide end group provided better thermal stability than methacrylamide.

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Dispersion Polymerization of Polystyrene Latex Stabilized with Novel Grafted Poly(ethylene glycol) Macromers in 1-Propanol/Water

Cited by 38 publications

References 32 publications

Novel macromonomer as a reactive stabilizer in the dispersion polymerization of methylmethacrylate

Novel macromonomer as a reactive stabilizer in the dispersion polymerization of methylmethacrylate

Core–Shell Type Polystyrene Latex Possessing Reactive Poly(ethylene glycol) Brushes on the Surface for High Performance Immunodiagnostics

Effect of polyurethane‐based macromonomers in the dispersion polymerization of styrene

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