Abstract:Most aggregate theories of financial frictions model credit available at a single cost of financing but rationed. However, using a comprehensive firm-level credit registry, we document both high levels and high dispersion in credit spreads to Brazilian firms. We develop a quantitative dynamic general equilibrium model in which dispersion in spreads arises from intermediation costs and market power. Calibrating to the Brazilian data, we show that, for equivalent levels of external financing, dispersion has more… Show more
“…It is well known that credit frictions vary according to firm size. Cavalcanti et al (2021) show that in Brazil, interest rates faced by a firm with 300 employees are 3 percentage points lower than rates for firms with 30 employees and 5.5 percentage points lower than those for firms with 3 employees. Since bank credit is too expensive, large suppliers often provide trade credit to small firms.…”
We estimate the monetary policy pass-through to lending rates in Brazil and the United States using the same methodology and obtain very different results. In the United States, the pass-through tends to be larger than 1:1. In Brazil, we find a 1:1 pass-through only in the case of non-earmarked credit for corporations and no evidence of transmission for households and earmarked credit. Owing to lower pass-through and credit/GDP, the effect of monetary policy through the credit channel in Brazil appears to be an order of magnitude smaller than in the United States.
“…It is well known that credit frictions vary according to firm size. Cavalcanti et al (2021) show that in Brazil, interest rates faced by a firm with 300 employees are 3 percentage points lower than rates for firms with 30 employees and 5.5 percentage points lower than those for firms with 3 employees. Since bank credit is too expensive, large suppliers often provide trade credit to small firms.…”
We estimate the monetary policy pass-through to lending rates in Brazil and the United States using the same methodology and obtain very different results. In the United States, the pass-through tends to be larger than 1:1. In Brazil, we find a 1:1 pass-through only in the case of non-earmarked credit for corporations and no evidence of transmission for households and earmarked credit. Owing to lower pass-through and credit/GDP, the effect of monetary policy through the credit channel in Brazil appears to be an order of magnitude smaller than in the United States.
“…Ampliando-se as possibilidades de definição do que seria passar por um processo de luto, ampliam-se igualmente as possibilidades de existência não patologizada desse sujeito enlutado, podendo configurar um melhor acolhimento e sustentação desse indivíduo. Nesse sentido, é notório que os processos de perda estão presentes na vida de todos os indivíduos, e são necessários para o desenvolvimento maturacional (Cavalcanti;Samczuk;Bonfim, 2013). Assim, o luto é tido de forma geral, na psicanálise, como um desdobramento psíquico dessas perdas: do sujeito que se encontra em uma realidade marcada pela ausência de um objeto físico ou simbólico ao qual foram antes investidos grande quantidade de energia.…”
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