Dispersal, host genotype and environment shape the spatial dynamics of a parasite in the wild

Ekholm, Adam; Roslin, Tomas; Pulkkinen, Pertti; Tack, Ayco J. M.

doi:10.1002/ecy.1949

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…For instance, community assembly is shaped by dispersal limitation locally (1 m to 10 km) for California's serpentine grasslands (Germain, Strauss, & Gilbert, ) but continentally (300–3,300 km) for European aquatic plant and cladoceran communities (Viana et al, ). Past work suggests that vegetation diversity is likely to shape herbivory and pathogen damage at small spatial scales by altering the movement and abundance of herbivores and pathogen propagules (Ekholm, Roslin, Pulkkinen, & Tack, ; Genung, Crutsinger, Bailey, Schweitzer, & Sanders, ; Hambäck et al, ; Muiruri, Rainio, & Koricheva, ; Tack, Hakala, Petäjä, Kulmala, & Laine, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood diversity simultaneously increased and decreased susceptibility to contrasting herbivores in an early stage forest diversity experiment

et al. 2018

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1. Forest structure and diversity can regulate tree vulnerability to damage by insects and pathogens. Past work suggests that trees with diverse neighbours should experience less leaf herbivory and less damage from specialist herbivores and diseases, and that the effect of neighbourhood diversity should be strongest at small spatial scales.2. In an early stage temperate tree diversity experiment, we monitored damage from leaf removing herbivores, specialist (gallers and leaf miners) herbivores, and two specialist fungal diseases (maple leaf anthracnose and cedar apple gall rust) over 3 years. The experimental design included treatments that varied independently in phylogenetic and functional diversity and we made our analyses across four spatial scales (1-16 m 2 ).3. Neighborhood diversity simultaneously increased leaf removal for some species, decreased it for others, and had no effect on yet others. Height apparency-the difference between a focal plant's height and its neighbours'-was the best single predictor of leaf removal across species and spatial scales, but the strength and direction of its effect were also species-specific. 4. Specialist pathogens and fungal foliar diseases showed signs of associational resistance and susceptibility. Oaks (Quercus spp.) were more resistant to leaf miners and maples were more resistant to anthracnose when surrounded by diverse neighbours (associational resistance). In contrast, birches (Betula papyrifera) were more susceptible to leaf miners and eastern red cedars (Juniperus virginiana) were more susceptible to cedar apple gall rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae) infection in diverse environments (associational susceptibility). 5. Herbivore and pathogen damage was better predicted by community structure and diversity at small spatial scales (1 and 4 m 2 ) than large scales (9 and 16 m 2 ), suggesting a characteristic spatial scale for these biodiversity-ecosystem functioning effects. 6. Synthesis. Humans control forest diversity through selective harvesting and planting in natural stands and plantations. Our experimental demonstration of the role of local community structure and diversity in suppressing some forms of pest and Additional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of the article. How to cite this article: Grossman JJ, Cavender-Bares J, Reich PB, Montgomery RA, Hobbie SE. Neighborhood diversity simultaneously increased and decreased susceptibility to contrasting herbivores in an early stage forest diversity experiment. J Ecol. 2019;107:1492-1505. https://doi.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood diversity simultaneously increased and decreased susceptibility to contrasting herbivores in an early stage forest diversity experiment

et al. 2018

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“…Our results also showed this resistance to be heritable, despite an absence of coevolution between Q. robur and these pathogens. Our findings are consistent with previous studies suggesting that oak susceptibility to PM is under genetic control (Desprez‐Loustau et al , ; Ekholm et al ., ). Variation in resistance to P. cinnamomi has never before been described in pedunculate oaks but has been reported in other noncoevolved species, such as Eucalyptus marginata (Stukely & Crane, ) and Pinus strobus (Frampton et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Oak PM is now a common disease of low‐to‐moderate severity in Europe, rarely killing the plant, except for seedlings or in conjunction with other weakening factors in mature trees (Marçais & Desprez‐Loustau, ). The genetics of pedunculate oak resistance to pathogens are still largely unraveled, but two studies reported a tree and family effect for PM infection under field conditions, suggesting a genetic determinism of susceptibility (Desprez‐Loustau et al ., , Ekholm et al ., ). The recent release of a well‐annotated reference genome for Q. robur (Plomion et al ., ) offers promising perspectives for genetic studies of adaptive traits in this species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The genetics of exapted resistance to two exotic pathogens in pedunculate oak

et al. 2019

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Exotic pathogens cause severe damage in natural populations in the absence of coevolutionary dynamics with their hosts. However, some resistance to such pathogens may occur in naive populations. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetics of this so-called 'exapted' resistance to two pathogens of Asian origin (Erysiphe alphitoides and Phytophthora cinnamomi) in European oak.Host-pathogen compatibility was assessed by recording infection success and pathogen growth in a full-sib family of Quercus robur under controlled and natural conditions. Two high-resolution genetic maps anchored on the reference genome were used to study the genetic architecture of resistance and to identify positional candidate genes.Two genomic regions, each containing six strong and stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) accounting for 12-19% of the phenotypic variation, were mainly associated with E. alphitoides infection. Candidate genes, especially genes encoding receptor-like-kinases and galactinol synthases, were identified in these regions. The three QTLs associated with P. cinnamomi infection did not colocate with QTLs found for E. alphitoides.These findings provide evidence that exapted resistance to E. alphitoides and P. cinnamomi is present in Q. robur and suggest that the underlying molecular mechanisms involve genes encoding proteins with extracellular signaling functions.

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“…However, even in systems where parasite dispersal does not appear to be particularly limiting (e.g., Richgels et al . 2013; Dallas & Presley 2014; Ekholm et al . 2017), increasing transmission could still alter the relationship between host and parasite richness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host community assembly modifies the relationship between host and parasite richness

Halliday

Heckman

Wilfahrt

et al. 2019

Preprint

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1Host and parasite richness are generally positively correlated, but the stability of this 2 relationship during community assembly remains untested. The composition of host 3 communities can alter parasite transmission, and the relationship between host and parasite 4 richness is sensitive to parasite transmission. Thus, changes in composition during host 5 community assembly could strengthen or weaken the relationship between host and parasite 6 richness. Host community assembly, in turn, can be driven by many processes, including 7 resource enrichment. To test the hypothesis that host community assembly can alter the 8 relationship between host and parasite richness, we experimentally crossed host diversity and 9 resource supply to hosts, then allowed communities to assemble. As previously shown, initial 10 host diversity and resource supply determined the trajectory of host community assembly, 11 altering post-assembly host species richness, richness-independent host phylogenetic 12 diversity, and colonization by exotic host species. Throughout community assembly, host 13 richness predicted parasite richness. As predicted, this effect was moderated by exotic 14 abundance: communities dominated by exotic species exhibited a stronger positive 15 relationship between post-assembly host and parasite richness. Ultimately, these results 16 suggest that, by modulating parasite transmission, community assembly can modify the 17 relationship between host and parasite richness, providing a novel mechanism to explain 18 contingencies in this relationship. 19

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Dispersal, host genotype and environment shape the spatial dynamics of a parasite in the wild

Cited by 17 publications

References 56 publications

Neighborhood diversity simultaneously increased and decreased susceptibility to contrasting herbivores in an early stage forest diversity experiment

Neighborhood diversity simultaneously increased and decreased susceptibility to contrasting herbivores in an early stage forest diversity experiment

The genetics of exapted resistance to two exotic pathogens in pedunculate oak

Host community assembly modifies the relationship between host and parasite richness

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