Dispersal depends on body condition and predation risk in the semi‐aquatic insect,<i><scp>N</scp>otonecta undulata</i>

Baines, Celina B.; McCauley, Shannon J.; Rowe, Locke

doi:10.1002/ece3.1508

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Matthysen, 2005;Kim et al, 2009;De Meester & Bonte, 2010;Fellous et al, 2012;Kuefler et al, 2013;Baines et al, 2014;Fronhofer et al, 2015b) and interspecific interactions (e.g. Weisser et al, 1999;Hakkarainen et al, 2001;Hauzy et al, 2007;McCauley & Rowe, 2010;Cote et al, 2013;Otsuki & Yano, 2014;Baines et al, 2014Baines et al, , 2015Fronhofer et al, 2015a;Tanaka et al, 2016). Theoretical work has investigated causes and consequences of context-dependent dispersal for intraspecific competition (Travis et al, 1999;Metz & Gyllenberg, 2001;Poethke & Hovestadt, 2002), predator-prey interactions (Poethke et al, 2010;Amarasekare, 2007) and species coexistence (Amarasekare, 2010), to name but a few examples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bottom-up and top-down control of dispersal across major organismal groups: a coordinated distributed experiment

Legrand

Altermatt

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Organisms rarely experience a homogeneous environment. Rather, ecological and evolutionary dynamics unfold in spatially structured and fragmented landscapes, with dispersal as the central process linking these dynamics across spatial scales. Because dispersal is a multi-causal and highly plastic life-history trait, finding general drivers that are of importance across species is challenging but highly relevant for ecological forecasting.We here tested whether two fundamental ecological forces and main determinants of local population dynamics, top-down and bottom-up control, generally explain dispersal in spatially structured communities. In a coordinated distributed experiment spanning a wide range of actively dispersing organisms, from protozoa to vertebrates, we show that bottom-up control, that is resource limitation, consistently increased dispersal. While top-down control, that is predation risk, was an equally important dispersal driver as bottom-up control, its effect depended on prey and predator space use and whether dispersal occurred on land, in water or in the air: species that routinely use more space than their predators showed increased dispersal in response to predation, specifically in aquatic environments. After establishing these general causes of dispersal, we used a metacommunity model to show that bottom-up and top-down control of dispersal has important consequences for local population fluctuations as well as cascading effects on regional metacommunity dynamics. Context-dependent dispersal reduced local population fluctuations and desynchronized dynamics between communities, two effects that increase population and community stability.Our study provides unprecedented insights into the generality of the positive resource dependency of dispersal as well as a robust experimental test of current theory predicting that predator-induced dispersal is modulated by prey and predator space use. Our experimental and theoretical work highlights the critical importance of the multi-causal nature of dispersal as well as its cascading effects on regional community dynamics, which are specifically relevant to ecological forecasting.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bottom-up and top-down control of dispersal across major organismal groups: a coordinated distributed experiment

Legrand

Altermatt

et al. 2017

Preprint

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“…Our results therefore suggest that sex ratio is not an important factor influencing dispersal in this species. We previously hypothesized that although this species is sexually dimorphic with respect to size and coloration (Appendix B; Baines et al, ; C. Baines unpublished data), these differences are small and may not be apparent to notonectids themselves (Baines et al, ). Notonectids may therefore not be able to assess the sex ratio of the populations they inhabit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The studied populations of N. undulata are 100% macropterous (C. Baines, unpublished data), but dispersal behaviour is plastic; some individuals breed in their natal ponds, while others disperse to new ponds. Dispersal behaviour in this species has been shown to be dependent on phenotype (body mass, body condition, and sex; Baines, McCauley, & Rowe, ; Baines et al, , Baines & McCauley, ) and environmental cues (density and predation risk; Baines et al, ; Baines et al, ). Dispersal in this species is one‐way movement; once notonectids disperse by flight away from their natal ponds, they do not return (C. Baines, personal observation).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotype‐by‐environment interactions influence dispersal

Baines

Ferzoco

McCauley

2019

Journal of Animal Ecology

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Numerous studies have demonstrated that dispersal is dependent on both disperser phenotype and the local environment. However, there is substantial variability in the observed strength and direction of phenotype‐ and environment‐dependent dispersal. This has been hypothesized to be the result of interactive effects among the multiple phenotypic and environmental factors that influence dispersal. Here, our goal was to test the hypothesis that these interactions are responsible for generating variation in dispersal behaviour. We achieved these goals by conducting a large, 2‐year, mark–release–recapture study of the backswimmer Notonecta undulata in an array of 36 semi‐natural ponds. We measured the effects of multiple phenotypic (sex and body size) and environmental (population density and sex ratio) factors, on both dispersal probability and dispersal distance. We found support for the hypothesis that interactive effects influence dispersal and produce variability in phenotype‐ and environment‐dependent dispersal: dispersal probability was dependent on the three‐way interaction between sex, body mass and population density. Small males displayed strong, positive density dependence in their dispersal behaviour, while large males and females overall did not respond strongly to density. Small notonectids, regardless of sex, were more likely to disperse, but this effect was strongest at high population densities. Finally, the distance dispersed by backswimmers was a negative function of population density, a pattern which we hypothesize could be related to: (a) individuals from high and low density patches having different dispersal strategies, or (b) the effect of density on dispersal capacity. These results suggest that phenotype‐by‐environment interactions strongly influence dispersal. Since phenotype‐ and environment‐dependent dispersal has different consequences for ecological and evolutionary dynamics (e.g. metapopulation persistence and local adaptation) than random dispersal, interactive effects may have wide‐reaching impacts on populations and communities. We therefore argue that more investment should be made into estimating the effects of multiple, interacting factors on dispersal and determining whether similar interactive effects are acting across systems.

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“…We measured the area of each wing using ImageJ. We then measured dry body mass, dry lipid mass, and dry protein mass using the same methods as Baines et al (2015). In brief, we dehydrated the notonectids to a constant mass in a drying oven and weighed them to the nearest 0.01 mg using a Mettler AE240 scale (Mettler Toledo, Columbus, Ohio, USA).…”

Section: Measurement Of Dispersal Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In taxa in which structural body size and morphology (e.g., wing presence or size) is fixed at adulthood, conditions experienced after maturity cannot influence dispersal through effects on morphology. Habitat quality experienced during adulthood likely influences more labile aspects of dispersal capacity (e.g., lipid reserves; Baines et al 2015), but its impacts on dispersal motivation are probably more important than effects on capacity at this life stage. Finally, changes in habitat quality through time or across life stages may influence dispersal propensity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natal habitat conditions have carryover effects on dispersal capacity and behavior

Baines

McCauley

2018

Ecosphere

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Citation: Baines, C. B., and S. J. McCauley. 2018. Natal habitat conditions have carryover effects on dispersal capacity and behavior. Ecosphere 9(10):Abstract. Local habitat quality affects regional dynamics, including metapopulation persistence and speciation, by altering dispersal. However, most previous studies have not been able to determine whether dispersal is more strongly affected by habitat quality experienced at the dispersal stage, or carryover effects of habitat quality from previous life stages. Strong carryover effects will cause dispersal to be temporally disconnected from its drivers, altering the impact of dispersal on metapopulation dynamics, and potentially complicating empirical estimates of context-dependent dispersal. Here, we used a fully factorial mesocosm experiment to assess how both habitat quality experienced during development and at adulthood affected emigration in adult backswimmers (Notonecta undulata). We found strong carryover effects of natal habitat quality on dispersal; individuals from high-quality natal environments had higher emigration rates than individuals from low-quality natal environments. However, emigration did not depend on adult habitat quality. This suggests that conditions experienced during development can outweigh the effects of habitat quality at later life stages, resulting in time lags between environmental triggers and the onset of dispersal behavior. If there are critical life stages at which dispersal rates are determined, habitat quality at those stages may have outsized impacts on biological dynamics in spatiotemporally variable landscapes.

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Dispersal depends on body condition and predation risk in the semi‐aquatic insect,Notonecta undulata

Cited by 30 publications

References 53 publications

Bottom-up and top-down control of dispersal across major organismal groups: a coordinated distributed experiment

Bottom-up and top-down control of dispersal across major organismal groups: a coordinated distributed experiment

Phenotype‐by‐environment interactions influence dispersal

Natal habitat conditions have carryover effects on dispersal capacity and behavior

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