Disparity Channels in Early Vision

Roe, Anna Wang; Parker, Andrew; Born, Richard T.; DeAngelis, Gregory C.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4164-07.2007

Cited by 78 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…These observations are consistent with recent physiological discoveries about the smooth change of stimuli preference in topographic maps in the brain [5] and disparity maps in particular [4], [25].…”

Section: B Regressionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Developmental Stereo: Emergence of Disparity Preference in Models of the Visual Cortex

Solgi

Weng

2009

IEEE Trans. Auton. Mental Dev.

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Abstract-How our brains develop disparity tuned 1 and 2 cells and then integrate binocular disparity into 3-D perception of the visual world is still largely a mystery. Moreover, computational models that take into account the role of the 6-layer architecture of the laminar cortex and temporal aspects of visual stimuli are elusive for stereo. In this paper, we present cortex-inspired computational models that simulate the development of stereo receptive fields, and use developed disparity sensitive neurons to estimate binocular disparity. Not only do the results show that the use of topdown signals in the form of supervision or temporal context greatly improves the performance of the networks, but also results in biologically compatible cortical maps-the representation of disparity selectivity is grouped, and changes gradually along the cortex. To our knowledge, this work is the first neuromorphic, end-to-end model of laminar cortex that integrates temporal context to develop internal representation, and generates accurate motor actions in the challenging problem of detecting disparity in binocular natural images. The networks reach a subpixel average error in regression, and 0.90 success rate in classification, given limited resources.Index Terms-Binocular vision, neuromorphic modeling, spatiotemporal, six-layer laminar cortical architecture.

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Section: B Regressionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Developmental Stereo: Emergence of Disparity Preference in Models of the Visual Cortex

Solgi

Weng

2009

IEEE Trans. Auton. Mental Dev.

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“…Many neurons in primary visual cortex are excited or inhibited depending on binocular disparity of visual stimuli Wiesel, 1962, 1968;Barlow et al, 1967;Poggio and Fischer, 1977). These cells are thought to feed inputs to neurons in the extrastriate cortex for further analysis, leading eventually to the perception of three-dimensional (3D) structure (Cumming and DeAngelis, 2001;Orban et al, 2006;Roe et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex Cells in the Cat Striate Cortex Have Multiple Disparity Detectors in the Three-Dimensional Binocular Receptive Fields

Sasaki¹,

Tabuchi²,

Ohzawa³

2010

J. Neurosci.

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Along the visual pathway, neurons generally become more specialized for signaling a limited subset of stimulus attributes and become more invariant to changes in the stimulus position within the receptive fields (RFs). One of the likely mechanisms underlying such invariance appears to be pooling of detectors located at different positions. Does such spatial pooling occur for disparity-selective neurons in primary visual cortex? To examine whether the three-dimensional (3D) binocular RFs are constructed by pooling detectors for binocular disparity, we investigated binocular interactions in the 3D space for neurons in the cat striate cortex. Approximately one-third of complex cells showed the spatial pooling of disparity detectors to a significant degree, whereas the majority of simple cells did not. The degree of spatial pooling of disparity detectors along the preferred orientation axis was generally larger than that along the axis orthogonal to the orientation axis. We then reconstructed 3D binocular RFs in their complete form and examined their structures. Disparity tuning curves were compared across positions along the orientation axis in the RFs. A small population of cells appeared to show a gradual shift of the preferred disparity along this axis, indicating that they can potentially signal inclination in the 3D space. However, the majority of cells exhibited a position-invariant disparity tuning. Finally, disparity tuning curves were examined for all oblique angles in addition to horizontal and vertical. Tunings were broadest along the orientation axis as the disparity energy model predicts.

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“…They emphasize that disparity differences rather than raw disparities are employed most prominently in judging the three-dimensional placement of an object. The distinction between relative and absolute disparity has only just begun to be tackled in cortical processing (Roe et al 2007).…”

Section: Neural-psychophysical Parallels: Receptive Field Disparitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The third dimension in the primary visual cortex

Westheimer

2009

The Journal of Physiology

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Anatomical superposition of the cortical projections from the overlapping visual fields of the two eyes does not make it obvious how the disposition of objects in the third dimension is encoded. Hubel and Wiesel's demonstration that units in the primary visual cortex of the mammal respond preferentially to elongated contours of specific orientation encouraged the inquiry into whether binocular disparity might not similarly be represented as an attribute interdigitated within the orderly progression of position. When this was found to indeed be the case, this entrained a brisk research activity into the disparity of receptive fields of single units in the primary visual cortex and the influence on their response of the three-dimensional locations of outside world stimuli. That cells' preferred orientations covered the whole gamut whereas space perception required only horizontal disparity was an apparent paradox that needed resolution. A connection with an observer's stereoscopic performance was made by the discovery that cells in the primate primary visual cortex display good tuning to the disparity in random-dot stereograms. But a wide gap still remains between the properties of these cortical units and human stereo thresholds in simple target configurations, let alone depth judgments in which perceptual and cognitive factors enter. When the neural circuits in the primary visual cortex that are involved in processing depth are eventually traced in detail they will also need to have properties that allow for the plasticity in learning and experience.

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Disparity Channels in Early Vision

Cited by 78 publications

References 96 publications

Developmental Stereo: Emergence of Disparity Preference in Models of the Visual Cortex

Developmental Stereo: Emergence of Disparity Preference in Models of the Visual Cortex

Complex Cells in the Cat Striate Cortex Have Multiple Disparity Detectors in the Three-Dimensional Binocular Receptive Fields

The third dimension in the primary visual cortex

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