Disparities in ventilatory and circulatory responses to bicycle and treadmill exercise.

Niederberger, M; Bruce, Robert A.; Kusumi, Fusako; S, Whitkanack

doi:10.1136/hrt.36.4.377

Cited by 54 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…An interesting theoretical possibility is that the difference in the values is due only to a greater facility, in terms of greater stability of the arm position of the assessed individual and the lower noise from the ergometer, and a better accuracy of reading (every 2 mmHg) during the ET in CLL, when compared to TRM, and not due to a real difference. Notwithstanding, the finding of higher systolic levels due to exercise in CLL is corroborated by the data of Wicks et al 19 and of Niederberger et al 31 . The greatest rise of SBP contributed expressively for the values of DP were significantly higher in CLL, especially for asymptomatic individuals, when compared to coronary artery disease carriers.…”

Section: Fcm CMI (Bpm) Fcm Est (Bpm)supporting

confidence: 60%

Freqüência cardíaca máxima em testes de exercício em esteira rolante e em cicloergômetro de membros inferiores

Araújo¹,

Pinto²

2005

Arq. Bras. Cardiol.

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ObjectiveTo compare, retrospectively, the values of maximum heart rate (MHR) and the decrease of the heart rate at the first minute of recovery, which were obtained in an exercise test (ET) performed in two different ergometers and at different moments. 156±3 and TRM: 154±2 bpm (p=0.125) Methods Sixty individuals (from 29 to 80 years old), submitted to cardiopulmonary ET in a cycle of lower limbs (CLL) in our laboratory and who had previous ET (up to 36 months) in a treadmill (TRM) in other laboratories, under identical conditions of medications of negative chronotropic action. Results MHR was similar in CLL: Conclusion a) With some diligence from the examiner and previous knowledge of MHR in a previous ET it is possible to obtain high levels of MHR in an ET-CLL; b) interrupting the MHR-based ET forecast through equations tends to lead to sub-maximum efforts; c) dHR differs in active and passive recoveries; d) new ways to analyze the HR behavior under exercise, which is not only the value of MHR, are necessary to characterize an ET as maximum. Key words maximal heart rate, exercise test, ergometer, heart rate recoveryThe decision of using a maximum or sub-maximum exercise test depends greatly on the reasons to perform the test, the type of individual to be tested and the availability of equipment and proper human resources. For a better clinical result, an exercise test (ET) must be preferably maximum, thus allowing for obtaining a greater quantity of relevant information [1][2][3] . There are different protocols and procedures for the performance of an ET [4][5][6][7] . However, there are always some practical and real difficulties to determine when an individual has effectively reached his/her maximum. Probably due to its easiness of measurement, the heart rate (HR) has been one of the most frequently used clinical variables used to characterize the obtention of a maximum effort in a conventional ET (without the measurement of exhaled gases), from the comparison with maximum values forecast due to age, when it is called maximal HR (MHR) 8 . The statistic theory tells us that at least 50% from healthy individuals must reach values equal to or higher than those forecast through a regression equation, which makes this criterion very limited and probably not valid in many day-to-day clinical situations.More recently, studies from Cleveland Clinic have shown an important prognostic clinic meaning for MHR 9,10 and for the decrease of HR at the first minute of recovery (dHR) 11, making even more important that ET is taken to real maximum levels and not early interrupted in theoretically forecast values of MHR.Along the last years our research group has been trying to discuss many of the aspects connected to heart rate and exercise [12][13][14][15] . Theoretically it is possible to expect that ETs performed with different protocols and in different ergometers can show non-coincident results of MHR. For instance, Araújo et al. 13, through the performance of nine different protocols of maximum test, tried to identif...

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Section: Fcm CMI (Bpm) Fcm Est (Bpm)supporting

confidence: 60%

Freqüência cardíaca máxima em testes de exercício em esteira rolante e em cicloergômetro de membros inferiores

Araújo¹,

Pinto²

2005

Arq. Bras. Cardiol.

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“…The significantly higher heart rate and systolic blood pressure at an equivalent sub-maximal oxygen consumption, leading to a signifi cantly higher double product on the bicycle, has also been found by Niederberger et al [7] and Gleim et al [8], The higher heart rate on the bicycle suggests a lower stroke volume during bicycle exercise as in previous studies [8,9]. While there was a significant differene in the heart rate and blood pressure, there may well be little physiological significance to these differences.…”

Section: Comparison Of Treadmill and Bicycle Oxygen Costssupporting

confidence: 48%

Comparison of Treadmill and Bicycle Oxygen Costs

Grant¹,

Crawford²,

Gilmour³

et al. 1992

Am J Noninvas Cardiol

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An investigation was made into the feasibility of presribing an exercise test on a bicycle which mirrored the oxygen cost of the Bruce protocol on a treadmill. Three ‘Bruce’ bicycle and three ‘Bruce’ treadmill (stages 1-4) tests were performed by each of 9 male subjects. The Bruce regression equation was used to predict the energy cost for each stage on the treadmill. American College of Sports Medicine equations were used to predict the energy cost for each stage on the bicycle. The first, third and fourth stages of the bicycle test were not significantly different from the Bruce regression equation values, whereas the first three stages of the treadmill test were significantly different from the Bruce regression equation value (p < 0.05). For a given oxygen cost the systolic blood pressure was 8.7 mm Hg higher, the heart rate was 7 beats/min higher and the rate pressure product was 24 beats/min - mm Hg/100 higher on the bicycle than on the treadmill for a given oxygen cost (p < 0.05). While it is possible to mirror the oxygen cost of a Bruce treadmill protocol with bicycle exercise, there was greater stress on bicycle exercise as evidenced by the higher heart rate, blood pressure and rate pressure product. Thus, while bicycle and treadmill protocols may have the same energy costs, other physiological responses, while not being dramatically different, are not the same.

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“…[9, 11, 20-22, 26, 35, 38, 55], V O 2 was significantly higher at T vent (by 23%) and at the symptom-limited peak of incremental treadmill vs. cycle exercise testing (by 12%), even though work rate was not significantly different between modalities at either measurement time. These differences likely reflect 1) recruitment of a relatively larger skeletal muscle mass, with attainment of a higher maximal cardiac output, stroke volume, arteriovenous O 2 difference, leg muscle blood flow and total vascular conductance during treadmill running [21,22,26,35,40]; 2) higher fat and lower carbohydrate oxidation rates during submaximal and maximal treadmill running vs. cycling [33,49]; 3) higher oxidative relative to glycolytic enzyme activity in skeletal muscles predominantly used in running vs. those predominantly used in cycling [23]; and 4) less rapid rate of development of metabolic acidosis during treadmill vs. cycle ergometry [34,50]. Indeed, RER was lower, while V CO 2, HR and the O 2 pulse (a surrogate measure of stroke volume [53,54]) were higher during treadmill vs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other words, both increased O 2 delivery and utilization are likely responsible for the higher V O 2max measured during treadmill vs. cycle ergometry. Evidence further suggests that, in healthy adults and in patients with established cardiovascular disease, the higher maximal SV and CO achieved during treadmill vs. cycle ergometry may reflect the physiological benefits of a relatively lower total peripheral resistance (secondary to lesser sympathetic nervous system activation, as suggested by lower circulating catecholamine concentrations) in the former, including relatively lower cardiac afterload and perhaps also a higher venous return, i.e., cardiac preload [21,25,40].…”

Section: Peak/maximal Exercise Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and perceptual responses to incremental exercise testing in healthy men: effect of exercise test modality

Muscat

Kotrach

Wilkinson-Maitland

et al. 2015

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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In a randomized cross-over study of 15 healthy men aged 20–30 years, we compared physiological and perceptual responses during treadmill and cycle exercise test protocols matched for increments in work rate — the source of increased locomotor muscle metabolic and contractile demands. The rates of O2 consumption and CO2 production were higher at the peak of treadmill versus cycle testing (p ≤ 0.05). Nevertheless, work rate, minute ventilation, tidal volume (VT), breathing frequency (fR), inspiratory capacity (IC), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), tidal esophageal (Pes,tidal) and transdiaphragmatic pressure swings (Pdi,tidal), peak expiratory gastric pressures (Pga,peak), the root mean square of the diaphragm electromyogram (EMGdi,rms) expressed as a percentage of maximum EMGdi,rms (EMGdi,rms%max), and dyspnea ratings were similar at the peak of treadmill versus cycle testing (p > 0.05). Ratings of leg discomfort were higher at the peak of cycle versus treadmill exercise (p ≤ 0.05), even though peak O2 consumption was lower during cycling. Oxygen consumption, CO2 production, minute ventilation, fR, Pes,tidal, Pdi,tidal and Pga,peak were higher (p ≤ 0.05), while VT, IC, IRV, EMGdi,rms%max, and ratings of dyspnea and leg discomfort were similar (p > 0.05) at all or most submaximal work rates during treadmill versus cycle exercise. Our findings highlight important differences (and similarities) in physiological and perceptual responses at maximal and submaximal work rates during incremental treadmill and cycle exercise testing protocols. The lack of effect of exercise test modality on peak work rate advocates for the use of this readily available parameter to optimize training intensity determination, regardless of exercise training mode.

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Disparities in ventilatory and circulatory responses to bicycle and treadmill exercise.

Cited by 54 publications

References 11 publications

Freqüência cardíaca máxima em testes de exercício em esteira rolante e em cicloergômetro de membros inferiores

Freqüência cardíaca máxima em testes de exercício em esteira rolante e em cicloergômetro de membros inferiores

Comparison of Treadmill and Bicycle Oxygen Costs

Physiological and perceptual responses to incremental exercise testing in healthy men: effect of exercise test modality

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