Disparities in Access to Paid Sick Leave During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Hawkins, Devan

doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002784

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…While not central to our analyses, it is notable that, in these data, higher lability was observed in lower income households. Low-resource households disproportionately experienced pandemicrelated stressors [40][41][42] and may have been more positively impacted by policies like the 2020 CARES Act stimulus checks 43 and enhanced unemployment benefits 44,45 as well as mandatory paid sick leave; 46 fluctuating maternal depressive symptoms may reflect normative emotional responses to these changing environmental circumstances, which is different from clinically significant, chronic depression. Additional research that assesses environmental features that contribute to variation in maternal mood symptoms is necessary to inform policies that will support caregivers and their children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronicity and lability of maternal depression exert distinct impacts on infant behavior

Hendrix,

Bhatia,

Forde

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Children of depressed parents are up to 6 times more likely to develop a depressive disorder. Yet many children at familial risk for depression do not develop symptoms, potentially because clinical features of parental depression moderate intergenerational risk processes. The present study leverages person-centered analyses to test whether, as compared to absolute values, temporal characteristics of maternal depressive symptoms are uniquely associated with two transdiagnostic risk processes in infants: stress reactivity and socioemotional development. Pregnant and postpartum women living in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic completed a remote longitudinal study. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed 3-8 times across the birth transition (N=500) and infant stress reactivity and socioemotional behavior were assessed via Zoom visits at 7 and 13 months postpartum (N=99). Multilevel growth modeling was used to estimate group-level trajectories of depressive symptoms across the first two years of the pandemic as well as individually varying symptom severity, trajectory, and lability. Mothers with chronic or worsening depressive symptoms had infants who reacted more strongly to a lab-based stressor task and had more maternal-reported socioemotional problems. Conversely, mothers with more labile symptoms had infants who were less reactive to the same stressor task and had higher socioemotional competence. Associations persisted after controlling for baseline depression severity. Maternal perinatal depression is a heterogenous disorder, and different clinical characteristics of depression, particularly its temporal patterning, exert dissociable influences on child development. These results highlight the crucial importance of distinguishing chronic depression from short-term shifts in depressive symptoms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronicity and lability of maternal depression exert distinct impacts on infant behavior

Hendrix,

Bhatia,

Forde

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…This type of door-to-door outreach is particularly important for disadvantaged groups, who face the greatest barriers in accessing health services and are thus least able to travel to vaccination sites and wait for service. [48][49][50] They might benefit the most from this combined approach.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Mass Vaccination Programs with Queueing Theory and Spatial Optimization

Xie,

Rieders,

Changolkar

et al. 2024

Preprint

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BackgroundMass vaccination is a cornerstone of public health emergency preparedness and response. However, injudicious placement of vaccination sites can lead to the formation of long waiting lines orqueues, which discourages individuals from waiting to be vaccinated and may thus jeopardize the achievement of public health targets. Queueing theory offers a framework for modeling queue formation at vaccination sites and its effect on vaccine uptake.MethodsWe developed an algorithm that integrates queueing theory within a spatial optimization framework to optimize the placement of mass vaccination sites. The algorithm was built and tested using data from a mass canine rabies vaccination campaign in Arequipa, Peru. We compared expected vaccination coverage and losses from queueing (i.e., attrition) for sites optimized with our queue-conscious algorithm to those obtained from a queue-naive version of the same algorithm.ResultsSites placed by the queue-conscious algorithm resulted in 9-19% less attrition and 1-2% higher vaccination coverage compared to sites placed by the queue-naïve algorithm. Compared to the queue-naïve algorithm, the queue-conscious algorithm favored placing more sites in densely populated areas to offset high arrival volumes, thereby reducing losses due to excessive queueing. These results were not sensitive to misspecification of queueing parameters or relaxation of the constant arrival rate assumption.ConclusionOne should consider losses from queueing to optimally place mass vaccination sites, even when empirically derived queueing parameters are not available. Due to the negative impacts of excessive wait times on participant satisfaction, reducing queueing attrition is also expected to yield downstream benefits and improve vaccination coverage in subsequent mass vaccination campaigns.

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“…Economic status may determine whether individuals have life-changing employment benefits that may include health insurance, preventive care services, paid sick leave, and other resources [ 31 , 32 ]. However, not all employment opportunities have been equitable in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D Supplementation and Prior Oral Poliovirus Vaccination Decrease Odds of COVID-19 Outcomes among Adults Recently Inoculated with Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine

Comunale,

Hsu,

Larson

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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Background: Structural and functional commonalities between poliovirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) suggest that poliovirus inoculation may induce antibodies that mitigate the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). No known studies have evaluated COVID-19 risk factors in adults recently vaccinated against poliovirus. Study Objective: Among adults with no history of COVID-19 infection or vaccination, who recently received an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), we sought to determine which biological factors and social determinants of health (SDOH) may be associated with (1) testing positive for SARS-CoV-2, (2) experiencing COVID-19 symptoms, and (3) a longer duration of COVID-19 symptoms. Methods: The influence of biological factors and SDOH on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 symptoms were evaluated among 282 adults recently inoculated with IPV. Participant-reported surveys were analyzed over 12 months post-enrollment. Bivariate and multivariate linear and logistic regression models identified associations between variables and COVID-19 outcomes. Results: Adjusting for COVID-19 vaccinations, variants, and other SDOH, secondary analyses revealed that underlying conditions, employment, vitamin D, education, and the oral poliovirus vaccination (OPV) were associated with COVID-19 outcomes. The odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and experiencing symptoms were significantly reduced among participants who took vitamin D (OR 0.12 and OR 0.09, respectively). Unemployed or part-time working participants were 72% less likely to test positive compared with full-time workers. No prior dose of OPV was one of the strongest predictors of SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR 4.36) and COVID-19 symptoms (OR 6.95). Conclusions: Findings suggest that prophylactic measures and mucosal immunity may mitigate the risk and severity of COVID-19 outcomes. Larger-scale studies may inform future policies.

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Disparities in Access to Paid Sick Leave During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract: The findings from this study highlight how disparities in access to paid sick leave may be related to different risk for infectious disease, like COVID-19. Providing access to paid sick leave may be a method for preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

Cited by 5 publications

References 31 publications

Chronicity and lability of maternal depression exert distinct impacts on infant behavior

Chronicity and lability of maternal depression exert distinct impacts on infant behavior

Enhancing Mass Vaccination Programs with Queueing Theory and Spatial Optimization

Vitamin D Supplementation and Prior Oral Poliovirus Vaccination Decrease Odds of COVID-19 Outcomes among Adults Recently Inoculated with Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine

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