Disorganized Attachment Interactions Among Young Adults With Borderline Personality Disorder, Other Diagnoses, and No Diagnosis

Khoury, Jennifer E.; Zona, Kate; Bertha, Eszter; Choi-Kain, Lois W.; Hennighausen, Kate; Lyons‐Ruth, Karlen

doi:10.1521/pedi_2019_33_408

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Individuals at risk for borderline personality pattern scored significantly higher on the ADA total score than individuals who are not at risk for borderline personality pattern. This finding is consistent with theoretical explanations (15)(16)(17)60,61) and limited empirical research findings in the literature (14,62). From this point of view, it can be concluded that ADA can significantly distinguish individuals who are at risk for borderline personality pattern from individuals who are not at risk.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Examination of the clinical results of adult disorganized attachment has revealed that borderline personality disorder may be particularly important. For instance, adults with borderline personality disorder have been more likely to be classified as disorganized rather than insecure-organized when compared with study participants with other diagnoses (anxiety or depressive disorder) or undiagnosed participants (14). This finding supports the theoretical knowledge that the origin of borderline personality disorder may be based on a disorganized attachment pattern developed in childhood (15,16) and that patients with borderline personality disorder have a disorganized attachment style (17).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

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Adult Disorganized Attachment Scale (ADA): Turkish adaptation, validity, and reliability study

Ertürk¹

2021

Dusunen Adam

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Objective:The aim of the current study was to adapt the Adult Disorganized Attachment Scale (ADA) into Turkish and to examine its psychometric properties. Method:The study was conducted with 2 separate sample groups of married individuals. The first sample group, which was used to perform exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), consisted of 285 individuals (66% female, 33.7% male) aged 20-45 years (32.41±5.40 years). The second sample group, for which only CFA was performed, comprised 585 individuals (50.4% female, 49.2% male) between the ages of 21-50 years (34.33±6.23 years). The Paulson Daily Living Inventory (PDLI) and the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory (ECR-I) were used as convergent validity criteria, and the Borderline Personality Inventory (BPI) was used as a discriminant validity criterion.Results: As a result of the EFA, a single-factor structure that evaluates disorganized attachment in adult romantic relationships was obtained. The model fit indices obtained as a result of CFA were within the acceptable limits in both sample groups. The other validity and reliability values determined were also found to be sufficient. Conclusion:This Turkish version of the ADA can be considered a valid and reliable scale to be used in studies related to attachment in adult romantic relationships.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Adult Disorganized Attachment Scale (ADA): Turkish adaptation, validity, and reliability study

Ertürk¹

2021

Dusunen Adam

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“…Fear-evoking and abusive parental behaviours seem to play an important role in the formation of disorganised attachment and a positive association has been shown between disorganised attachment style and personality disorders as well as other psychopathologies in adulthood (e.g. borderline personality disorder, bad stress management and dissociative behaviours) (Van Ijzendoorn et al ., 1999; Khoury et al ., 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Disentangle the neural correlates of attachment style in healthy individuals

Perlini

Rossetti

Zovetti

et al. 2019

Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci

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Since its development and theorisation in the 60s, attachment theory has greatly influenced both clinical and developmental psychology suggesting the existence of complex dynamics based on the relationship between an infant and its caregiver, that affects personality traits and interpersonal relationships in adulthood. Many studies have been conducted to explore the association between attachment styles and psychosocial functioning and mental health. By contrast, only a few studies have investigated the neurobiological underpinnings of attachment style, showing mixed results. Therefore, in this review, we described current evidence from structural and functional imaging studies with the final aim to disentangle the neural correlates of attachment style in healthy individuals. Overall, different attachment styles have been correlated with volumetric alterations mainly in the cingulate cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and anterior temporal pole. Consistently, functional imaging studies suggested patterns of activations in fronto-striatal-limbic circuits during the processing of social and attachment-related stimuli. Further studies are needed to clarify the neurobiological signature of attachment style, possibly taking into consideration a wide range of demographic, psychosocial and clinical factors that may mediate the associations between the style of attachment and brain systems (e.g., gender, personality traits, psychosocial functioning, early-life experience).

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“…In fact, we know that the interpersonal functioning of people with disorganized attachment is characterized by a marked reduction of emotional regulation that leads the person to react with defensive behaviors even in situations of emotionally neutral interpersonal exchanges [38][39][40] . Figure 2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disorganized Attachment pattern affects the perception of Affective Touch

Spitoni

Zingaretti²,

Giovanardi

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Touch, such as affective caress, can be interpreted as being pleasant. The emotional valence that is assigned to touch is related to certain bottom-up factors, such as the optimal activation of C-tactile (CT) afferents. Tactile processing with a hedonic or emotional component has been defined as affective touch-a component that CT fibers are likely to convey. Tactile deficiencies are frequent in the psychiatric population but also in healthy people with disorganized attachment; accordingly, it is likely that affective difficulties in adults with disorganized attachment are reflected in altered perception of affective touch. To test this hypothesis, we combined methods from clinical psychology, psychophysics, and neuroimaging. We found that people with a history of traumatic parental bonds and a disorganized attachment pattern perceive a "caress-like" stimulus as being unpleasant, whereas participants with organized attachment consider the same tactile stimulation to be pleasant. Further, unlike in organized adults, the responses of disorganized adults to CT and non-CT stimulation activated limbic and paralimbic structures in a fight-or-flight manner, suggesting that early experiences with parental deficiencies shape the physiological responses of peripheral CT fibers and central nervous networks. In humans, touch is the first sensory system to develop 1,2. The earliest sensations that we experience are tactile. At 12 weeks of gestation, the cutaneous receptors and somatosensory functions have matured 3 , and the fetus is able to make movements when their lips are touched 4 ; in contrast, other sensory modalities, such as hearing and vision, develop later. The early emergence of tactile functions in fetal growth suggests that its initial tactile experiences are crucial for the development and maturation of an organism. This hypothesis has been demonstrated in several developmental pathways, from biological growth 1 and psychological maturity 5 to achievements in social skills 6. Sigmund Freud, whose background was in neurophysiology, defined the skin as the "first psychological organ" 7. Despite the evidence that has posited the primacy of touch in human development, we owe the first attempts to link the sense of touch to social, cognitive, and affective domains to studies on animals, among which research by Harlow 8,9 on rhesus monkeys remains a cornerstone. In his famous studies, Harlow demonstrated that infant rhesus monkeys preferred to cling to a surrogate wire mother that was covered in warm cloth than to one that provided milk but comprised only wires. Harlow also observed that on experiencing a sudden frightening stimulus, the cloth model was again preferred to the wire mother, wherein the monkeys sought immediate physical contact with the cloth model, after which their fear subsided. Based on these findings, Harlow suggested that the absence of comforting touch led to psychological stress in the monkeys. Likely, these studies provided the seminal evidence of the influential function of bodily contact in t...

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Disorganized Attachment Interactions Among Young Adults With Borderline Personality Disorder, Other Diagnoses, and No Diagnosis

Cited by 16 publications

References 40 publications

Adult Disorganized Attachment Scale (ADA): Turkish adaptation, validity, and reliability study

Adult Disorganized Attachment Scale (ADA): Turkish adaptation, validity, and reliability study

Disentangle the neural correlates of attachment style in healthy individuals

Disorganized Attachment pattern affects the perception of Affective Touch

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