Disordered axial movement in Parkinson's disease.

Abstract

Axial motor impairments are a

Capturing nighttime symptoms in Parkinson disease: Technical development and experimental verification of inertial sensors for nocturnal hypokinesia

“…Primarily, axial disability is the clinical manifestation of the disease itself once the progression has reached the Hoehn and Yahr scale of at least stage 3 or more [38]. It appears that disorders of axial movements in patients with PD are dependent on the duration of the disease progression and associated increases in severity because of neurodegeneration [39]. However, the aging process on nondopaminergic subcortical structures has been found to contribute to the axial impairment in PD [40].…”

“…Changes in postural alignment, such as camptocormia, Pisa syndrome, and scoliosis can also pose additional mechanical limitation when patients with PD attempt to roll over [41]. Moreover, the loss of automatic associated movements at night causes the disruption of limb and axial movement sequences and is probably another contributing factor to the problems of rolling over in PD patients [39]. Certain medications, such as neuroleptics, may have an effect on the ability of patients with PD to turn at night.…”

“…Because failure to turn in bed is associated with gait disturbances, postural instability, axial rigidity, whole body bradykinesia, and difficulty rising from a chair, identification of impaired bed motility is likely to lead to early intervention of axial disability in PD, which is now considered as the index of disease progression [39,42]. A study that evaluated the movement patterns used by patients with PD for rising from bed indicated that patients with PD were significantly less likely to vary the pattern of movement that they used for their trunk and head than older adults without PD, suggesting that there may be more constraints on degrees of freedom in the axial region for people with PD [43].…”

Quantitative measurement of trunk rigidity in parkinsonian patients

“…By performing passive trunk rotation, they scored axial rigidity from 0 to 3 according to clinical observation and severity of tonic stretch reflex. Other studies described axial rigidity as a loss of voluntary trunk movement during walking, sit-to-stand, and rolling in bed [10][11][12]. Standardized measurement scale such as the Unified PD Rating Scale did not even include assessment of trunk rigidity [13].…”

Postural Control While Sitting and Its Association with Risk of Falls in Patients with Parkinson's Disease

“…Patients with Parkinson's disease had difficulty in postural control, especially the control of body vertically (Vaugoyeau et al, 2007;Hayashi et al, 2010). Steiger et al (1996) reported that PD patients had difficulty in coordinating the orientation of the axial segments along the spinal axis. Several investigators also reported that the proprioceptive feedback information to the static position and movement perception processing decreased in PD patients (Zia et al, 2002;Keijsers et al, 2005;Vaugoyeau et al, 2007).…”