“…Notably, empirical evidence drawn from diverse studies underscores the detrimental ramifications of HS on male fertility and semen quality [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Furthermore, HS casts a shadow over the ensuing fertilization processes, as elucidated by recent investigations [ 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Recent scientific inquiries have accentuated the detrimental influence of HS on sperm quality across a spectrum of mammalian species, encompassing dogs [ 17 ], bulls [ 20 ], buffaloes [ 26 ], stallions [ 27 , 28 , 29 ], rabbits [ 30 ], pigs [ 31 ], goats [ 32 ], and human males [ 33 , 34 ].…”