Disodium Terephthalate Ultrafine Fibers as High Performance Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries under High Current Density Conditions

Abstract

An aqueous mixture of poly(vinyl alcohol) (M.W. ∼ 8.9 × 10 4 -9.8 × 10 4 g mol −1 , 14% w/v) and disodium terephthalate (Na 2 TP) powders (6% w/v) was electrospun at 14 kV with a fiber collection distance and a feed rate of 12 cm and 0.5 mL h −1 . Then, the obtained fibers were calcined at 350 • C with a heating rate of 1 • C min −1 under air for 7 h. Diameters of hollow Na 2 TP fibers, composed of grains with sizes of 76 ± 27 nm, are 189 ± 32 nm. Na 2 TP fibers are composed of ∼16% w/w Na 2 CO 3 . Na 2 TP structure is orthorhombic and can be indexed in a space group of Pbc2 1 . Degree of crystallinity of Na 2 TP fibers is less than that of Na 2 TP powders. Galvanostatic curves display stable reversible capacities of Na 2 TP powders and fibers at ∼140 mA h g −1 and ∼110 mA h g −1 , respectively, after 50 cycles at 25.5 mA g −1 . On the other hand, at 255 mA g −1 and after 100 cycles, those of the powders and the fibers are ∼48 mA h g −1 and ∼70 mA h g −1 , respectively. Thus, the eco-friendly Na 2 TP fibers are potentially used as anode materials of sodium-ion batteries under high current density.

Sustainable Battery Materials from Biomass

“…Some researchers have reported even higher capacities than the theoretical capacities of the di(alkali metal) terephthalates themselves . Such improbable high capacities may be explained if specific capacity is calculated relative to the mass of the active material only, although additives contribute to additional charge storage.…”

“…Figure exemplarily illustrates the performance of lithium terephthalate‐based anodes. Within the last ten years, many researchers followed up on Armand's initial research and described the use of terephthalate‐based anodes in lithium‐ion, sodium‐ion, or potassium‐ion batteries.…”

“…Upon charging or discharging, lithium ions move between the layers. Limited ion mobility and conductivity can be overcome by making high surface‐area materials, for example, nanosheet‐like morphologies or nanocrystals . For increasing conductivity, carbon materials such as graphite are commonly added, which may contribute to additional capacity upon ion insertion into the carbon material .…”

The main problems and solutions in practical application of anode materials for sodium ion batteries and the latest research progress

“…Organic negative electrode materials can be divided into two categories based on their molecular weight, organic small molecules 117‐120 and high molecular polymers, 121‐124 as shown in Figure 15. The reported organic materials that can be used as sodium electric negative electrodes are mainly disodium terephthalate (Na 2 C 8 H 4 O 4 ), 125,126 Sodium Naphthalene‐2, 6‐dicarboxylate (Na 2 NDC), 127,128 Disodium Pyridine‐2,5‐Dicarboxylate (Na 2 PDC), 129 para‐disodium‐2, 5‐dihydroxy‐1, 4‐benzoquinone (p‐Na 2 C 6 H 2 O 6 ) 130 …”

Optimization of the Perturbation Amplitude for EIS Measurements Using a Total Harmonic Distortion Based Method

“…On the other hand, EIS deals with materials in which ionic conductivity dominates over electronic conductivity [2]. To date, this technique has been applied in a wide range of applications, such as supercapacitors [3][4][5], corrosion [6][7][8][9][10][11], solar cells [12][13][14], electrolysers [15][16][17][18], electrochemical sensors [19][20][21], batteries [22][23][24][25], and fuel cells [26][27][28][29], amongst others. Today, it is considered as one of the fundamental electrochemical techniques [30].…”