Dismorfia Muscular: detección del uso-abuso de esteroides anabolizantes androgénicos en una muestra española

Martí, Irene González; Bustos, Juan Gregorio Fernández; Jordán, Onofre Ricardo Contreras; Sokolova, Marina V.

doi:10.20882/adicciones.853

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Pope, Phillips, and Olivardia (2000) established that the prevalence of the disorder regarding gender was 80% male and 20% female, but if we take into consideration the results offered by González-Martí et al (2018), we can notice that 70.1% corresponds to men and around 30% to women. This study has the widest sample of women in MD research ( n ♀ = 172), thus more studies should be carried out, given the larger percentage of women affected in relation to the prevalence appearing in previous literature.…”

Section: | the Importance Of Knowing Studies About The Prevalence Of MDmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…It should be noted that the three instruments most widely translated and validated are written in English and Spanish. It is interesting that in the United States, which is the cradle of the discovery and study of MD (Pope, Katz, & Hudson, 1993), there is a prevalence of about 10% bodybuilders and weightlifters affected, while in Spain the prevalence of this condition is roughly 18.3% (González-Martí, Fernández-Bustos, Contreras, & Sokolova, 2018).…”

Section: | Information About the Instruments In The Meta-analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this sense, it is noticeable that the research carried out does not include a wide sample of females, thus giving this disorder little attention when related to this genre. González-Martí et al (2018) established in their study, based on decision trees of data mining, that the population affected by MD in Spain (N = 734; n♂ = 562 and n♀ = 172) was 18.3%, with 134 participants suffering from the disorder (94 males, 40 females). One of the instruments used by the authors to detect MD is the "Escala de Satisfacción Muscular" (ESM; González-Martí, Fernández, Contreras, & Mayville, 2012), which is the Spanish validated version of the "Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale."…”

Section: The Importance Of Knowing Studies About the Prevalence Of MDmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…González-Martí et al (2018) established in their study, based on decision trees of data mining, that the population affected by MD in Spain ( N = 734; n - = 562 and n - = 172) was 18.3%, with 134 participants suffering from the disorder (94 males, 40 females). One of the instruments used by the authors to detect MD is the “Escala de Satisfacción Muscular” (ESM; González-Martí, Fernández, Contreras, & Mayville, 2012), which is the Spanish validated version of the “Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale.” This instrument was chosen in the meta-analysis for being the most reliable to assess this condition.…”

Section: | the Importance Of Knowing Studies About The Prevalence Of MDmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reflection on the validity of the instruments used to assess muscle dysmorphia with no deep knowledge of its etiology.

Martí¹,

Bustos²,

Jordán³

2020

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

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Muscle dysmorphia (MD) was discovered by Pope, Katz, and Hudson in 1993 in a study aimed at analyzing the use of anabolic steroids in a sample of 108 bodybuilders in the United States. At the beginning of the study of this "new" mental disorder, different theoretical models were proposed in order to approach its etiology.Mental disorders appear in medical manuals and books, each of them classified according to different diagnostic criteria. The classification of the disorder is accompanied by the description of its most frequent symptomatology and the proposal of a potentially effective treatment. Until 2002, owing to the unclear etiology of MD and the lack of consensus about its classification, medical manuals did not categorize it as a specific disorder. Although MD presents a high comorbidity with eating disorders (EDs), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), it has been eventually classified as a part of the latter in the following systems: "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, 5th edition" (DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association, 2013), the "International Classification of Diseases for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics" (ICD; World Health Organization, 2018), and the "Merck Manual," 19th edition (Porter & Kaplan, 2011).The approach to the etiology of this disorder is still a handicap for its research. So far, the instruments designed and validated in different backgrounds and cultures appearing in the meta-analysis by Rubio-Aparicio, Badenes-Ribera, Sánchez-Meca, Fabris, and Longobardi (2019) have been of utmost importance in order to discover the elements and factors that intervene in the development of this condition. Consequently, are the available instruments used to assess MD reliable despite the lack of an in-depth knowledge of its etiology?

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Section: | the Importance Of Knowing Studies About The Prevalence Of MDmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: | Information About the Instruments In The Meta-analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Importance Of Knowing Studies About the Prevalence Of MDmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: | the Importance Of Knowing Studies About The Prevalence Of MDmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Reflection on the validity of the instruments used to assess muscle dysmorphia with no deep knowledge of its etiology.

Martí¹,

Bustos²,

Jordán³

2020

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

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Exploring risk factors of drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphia in male adolescents from a resource-limited setting in Burkina Faso

Terhoeven,

Nikendei,

Bountogo

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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In low-income countries, Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) has only been investigated in adult south African amateur-bodybuilders. To date, there is no epidemic study about MD or its cardinal symptom “drive for muscularity” (DFM) and its impact on young men’s lives in African low-income settings. We analyzed a population-representative cross-sectional study of 838 adolescent males aged 12–20 in the rural northwestern Burkina Faso. Participants were assessed for MD with the research criteria of Pope and its cardinal symptom DFM based on the DFM scale (DMS). Since DFM has not been studied in a comparable sample so far, all possible influencing variables were examined exploratively in a linear regression model. Many respondents were underweight (41.5%) and few overweight (1.3%). No-one met standard clinical MD criteria. While 60.1% of 837 wished to be more muscular, only 8.7% of 824 desired a lower body-fat percentage. Regression analysis revealed that higher DMS scores were associated with greater internalization of the muscular body ideal, going to school, living in a rural area, older age, and a history of having faced sexual harassment or assault, but not with media exposure. Our results show that levels of DMS in Burkinabe adolescents were elevated. Risk factors for DFM in environmental circumstances where undernutrition and poverty are common are discussed.

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“Lift Big–Get Big”: The Impact of Images of Hyper-Muscular Bodies and Training Information

Martino

Fisher

Wink

et al. 2020

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport

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Dismorfia Muscular: detección del uso-abuso de esteroides anabolizantes androgénicos en una muestra española

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Reflection on the validity of the instruments used to assess muscle dysmorphia with no deep knowledge of its etiology.

Reflection on the validity of the instruments used to assess muscle dysmorphia with no deep knowledge of its etiology.

Exploring risk factors of drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphia in male adolescents from a resource-limited setting in Burkina Faso

“Lift Big–Get Big”: The Impact of Images of Hyper-Muscular Bodies and Training Information

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