“…Unfortunately, the Orowan stress is hard to measure in experiments because the back-stress exists in the strengthening against twins [17,18], and the back-stress cannot be precisely calculated due to the local plastic relaxation [17,19]. Therefore, although the total strengthening against twins can be measured [2,3,20,21], it is not known how much of the strengthening is due to the Orowan stress. Therefore, validating the numerical accuracy of the BKS model for TD needs other approaches than experimental means.…”