We report the new insight into the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) induced inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa, the dominant algae which caused harmful cyanobacterial blooms in many developing countries. In contrast with the previous work, we employed flow cytometry to examine the algal cells, so that we could assess the dead and living cells with more accuracy, and distinguish an intermediate state of algal cells which were verified as apoptotic. Our results showed that the numbers of both dead and apoptotic cells increased with DBD treatment delay time, and hydrogen peroxide produced by DBD was the main reason for the time-delayed inactivation effect. However, apart from the influence of hydrogen peroxide, the DBD-induced initial injures on the algal cells during the discharge period also played a considerable role in the inactivation of the DBD treated cells, as indicated by the measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the algal cells. We therefore propose an effective approach to utilization of non-thermal plasma technique that makes good use of the residual inactivation effect to optimize the experimental conditions in terms of discharge time and delay time, so that more efficient treatment of cyanobacterial blooms can be achieved.Water eutrophication has become a serious global problem, which can cause harmful cyanobacterial blooms 1,2 . Among the blooming cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa produces and releases toxins which pose constant threat to our environment and human health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop efficient techniques to control and reduce the adverse impact of blooms. To suppress or remove cyanobacteria blooms, various methods have been adopted such as chemical treatment [3][4][5] , UV radiation 6,7 , ultrasound irradiation 8-10 , electron beam irradiation 11 and non-thermal plasma oxidation technology 2,12-16 . However, the chemical methods such as excessive use of algaecides can lead to secondary pollution, while the physical methods such as UV radiation, sonication and electron-beam irradiation have the limitation for bloom control with high efficiency or on a large scale.As an emerging technology, plasma oxidation technology has received special attention and been applied extensively in wastewater treatment 17 . Being one of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), it possesses both the physical and chemical processing traits, and exhibits the advantages in simpler equipment, easier operation, higher energy efficiency and environmental compatibility 2,18,19 . Among various plasma techniques, the non-thermal atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) may be a most promising one. In fact, non-thermal DBD has been widely applied in inactivation of pathogen 20,21 , chemical synthesis 22 , film deposition 23 , material surface modification 24 and etc. When plasma takes place either over the solution surface or in the solution, a variety of physical and/or chemical processes are initiated. Besides