“…Any of these sources may aim at disinformation, which is “the creation and/or diffusion of false information, with the intent to release the false information for purposes of deception” (Dishman & Nitse, 1999, p. 23). Active disinformation techniques include releasing false information or true information that misleads, while passive techniques encompass concealment, nonreaction, or silence (Dishman & Nitse, 1999, p. 22). Baumard (1996) describes the Perrier affair, where disinformation was used as a tool for strategic destabilization within an information warfare perspective.…”