Disinfection of swimming pools with chlorine and derivatives: formation of organochlorinated and organobrominated compounds and exposure of pool personnel and swimmers

Aprea, Maria-Cristina; Banchi, Bruno; Lunghini, Liana; Pagliantini, Massimo; Peruzzi, Antonio; Sciarra, Gianfranco

doi:10.4236/ns.2010.22011

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The MCLs of the total THMs in tap water should not be higher than 80 μg/L (USEPA phase I) with the MCL goal (MCLG) for the total THM concentration at 40 μg/L (USEPA phase II) 33,34 . The mean concentration of TTHM in all herbal spa samples was higher than the mean THM levels in swimming pool water in several other studies 35–37 . The potential to generate high levels of chlorinated by-products on a daily basis in the herbal spa community could represent an environmental and health assessment problem because long-term exposure to high THM levels (>50 µg/L) could result in serious health problems, such as bladder cancer 38 .…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 60%

Formation of trihalomethanes as disinfection byproducts in herbal spa pools

Fakour

2018

Sci Rep

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Herbal spa treatments are favorite recreational activities throughout the world. The water in spas is often disinfected to control pathogenic microorganisms and guarantee hygiene. However, chlorinated water may cause the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Although there have been many studies on DBP formation in swimming pools, the role of organic matter derived from herbal medicines applied in herbal spa water has been largely neglected. Accordingly, the present study investigated the effect of herbal medicines on the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) in simulated herbal spa water. Water samples were collected from a spa pool, and then, disinfection and herbal addition experiments were performed in a laboratory. The results showed that the organic molecules introduced by the herbal medicines are significant precursors to the formation of THMs in spa pool water. Since at least 50% of THMs were produced within the first six hours of the reaction time, the presence of herbal medicines in spa water could present a parallel route for THM exposure. Therefore, despite the undeniable benefits of herbal spas, the effect of applied herbs on DBP formation in chlorinated water should be considered to improve the water quality and health benefits of spa facilities.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 60%

Formation of trihalomethanes as disinfection byproducts in herbal spa pools

Fakour

2018

Sci Rep

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“…In Italy, Fernández-Luna et al 169 The concentration of chloroform (CHCI 3 ) has been reported by several authors. 4,165,[173][174][175][176][177][178] For example, in Europe, the reported mean chloroform concentrations in the air of indoor swimming pools ranged between 35 µg/m 3 and 55 µg/m 3 . 4,165,179 It should be noted that the presence of chloroform indicates the formation and potential for exposure to additional chlorine disinfection by-products, such as chloramines (CAMs).…”

Section: Indoor Swimming Poolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human exposure to air contaminants in sports environments

2020

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Physical activity is one of the most basic human functions and a significant basis of health. The World Health Organization (WHO) 1 recommends that adults, including older adults, undertake at least 2.5 hours of moderately intense aerobic activity per week. With an increasing number of sports enthusiasts worldwide, the number of indoor sports facilities and the number of workers in those facilities have also increased dramatically in the past decades. However, unlike residential areas and other types of public spaces, such as schools and offices, there is relatively little published research about air quality and exposure to different pollutants in various indoor sports facilities, 2,3 where a growing number of people exercise, work full or part time, or attend athletic events. 4,5 Although many studies of athletes' exposure to ambient air contaminants have been published, 6-10 little work is known about the exposure to air pollutants in different indoor sports facilities. Available publications have been focused on ice arenas, with the most investigated pollutants being carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), and particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5 , referring to

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“…THMs are a volatile class of DBP and, as such, can partition from the water into the ambient air of swimming pool complexes, where concentrations have been shown to increase with water agitation either by swimmers or by water jets . Many studies have reported the occurrence of THMs in the air above swimming pool and spa waters, and THMs have also been reported in passageways, offices/reception areas, café areas, plant/engine rooms, and change rooms in pool complexes …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inhalation has been shown to be the major route of exposure for THMs in the swimming pool environment . Higher exposure to THMs was reported for employees who worked pool side compared to those working in reception or plant room areas of the same facility .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analytical method for the analysis of trihalomethanes in ambient air using solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry: An application to indoor swimming pool complexes

et al. 2019

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A simple method for the collection and analysis of the four brominated and chlorinated trihalomethanes (THMs) in air samples is described. Ambient air samples were collected in pre‐prepared glass vials, with THM analysis performed using solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, where the need for chemical reagents is minimized. Analytical parameters, including oven temperature program, solvent volume, incubation time, vial agitation, extraction time and temperature, as well as desorption time and temperature, were evaluated to ensure optimal method performance. The developed method allows for point‐in‐time quantification (compared to an average concentration measured over extended periods of time), with detection limits between 0.7 to 2.6 µg/m3. Excellent linearity (r2 > 0.99), repeatability (3% to 11% RSD), and reproducibility (3% to 16% RSD) were demonstrated over a concentration range from 2 to 5000 µg/m3. The method was validated for the analysis of THMs in indoor swimming pool air and was used to investigate the occurrence of THMs in the air above 15 indoor swimming pools. This is the first study to report the occurrence of THMs in swimming pool air in Australia, and concentrations higher than those previously reported in other countries were measured.

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Disinfection of swimming pools with chlorine and derivatives: formation of organochlorinated and organobrominated compounds and exposure of pool personnel and swimmers

Abstract: ABSTRACT

Cited by 15 publications

References 10 publications

Formation of trihalomethanes as disinfection byproducts in herbal spa pools

Formation of trihalomethanes as disinfection byproducts in herbal spa pools

Human exposure to air contaminants in sports environments

An analytical method for the analysis of trihalomethanes in ambient air using solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry: An application to indoor swimming pool complexes

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