“…CDI technology has shown high efficiency in various elds including seawater desalination, 19,20 water purication, 21 water disinfection, 22 metal recovery, 23 and pollutant removal. 24 Innovative CDI congurations, such as membrane CDI (MCDI), owelectrode CDI (FCDI), and hybrid CDI (HCDI), have been applied in lithium extraction (Fig.…”