Disinfection byproducts in swimming pool: Occurrences, implications and future needs

Chowdhury, Shakhawat; Alhooshani, Khalid; Karanfil, Tanju

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.017

Cited by 200 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…There is a number of disinfectants that have been used for swimming pool with the potential to produce a wide range of disinfection by-products (DBPs) through the reaction with organic and inorganic matter as it is well established from studies on disinfection of drinking water. Due to the recirculation technology that is applied, higher chlorination levels, higher organic matter content, much more DBPs are formed in swimming pool systems than in drinking water [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Micropollutants in Water Samples from Swimming Pool Systems

Lempart

Kudlek

Dudziak

2017

The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences

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Abstract:The present study investigated the occurrence of selected micropollutants including emerging contaminants (mainly pharmaceuticals and personal care products-PPCPs) in selected water samples from swimming pool systems. The study area was selected based on the lack of available information regarding the suspected contamination of swimming pools water by PPCPs. The variety and concentration of chemical compounds in these aquatic systems can be quite diversified, presenting a challenge in terms of both purification and quality control. Determination of PPCPs requires very sensitive analytical methods that make it possible to confirm the presence of tested compounds in a complex organic extract. In this field, GC-MS gas chromatography can be used. This system enables to perform Selected Ion Monitoring, which reduces the detection limits of the investigated analyte. This paper aims at presentation of analytical methods and strategies adapted to obtain information on the composition and characteristics of water in swimming pool systems. The sample preparation methodology including solid phase extraction was developed for swimming pool water.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are many studies on chemical contaminants in swimming pools focusing on the occurrence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) [3][4][5][6]. However, some authors have concluded that further researches are needed to evaluate potential health risk not only from DBPs but also from other chemicals occurring in swimming pools [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Micropollutants in Water Samples from Swimming Pool Systems

Lempart

Kudlek

Dudziak

2017

The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences

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“…However, growing studies suggest that exposure to the water in swimming pools may result in a variety of health risks, such as increased asthma and allergy, which are associated with microbial and chemical hazards (Bernard et al 2006;Pasquarella et al 2013Pasquarella et al , 2014. Recent studies have raised concerns on adverse health impacts associated with application of personal care products and disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed in swimming pools (Chowdhury et al 2014;Kim et al 2002;Xiao et al 2012). The presence of pollutants originating from the application of preservatives has been reported in swimming pools (Teo et al 2015;Terasaki and Makino 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Shi

Gao

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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As an emerging group of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, parabens have attracted growing attention due to their potential effects on human health. In the present study, the occurrence and distribution of eight parabens, four chlorinated parabens, and their common hydrolysis product, phydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), were investigated in 39 swimming pools in Beijing, China. Methyl paraben and propyl paraben were the predominant compounds in swimming pools, accounting for 91.2 % of the total parabens. It is noteworthy that octyl paraben, a paraben with longer chain, was firstly detected in this study. There were several factors affecting the levels of parabens among the 39 swimming pools. The concentrations of parabens and chlorinated derivatives detected in indoor pools (144 ng L −1 ) were roughly 20-fold higher than those in outdoor pools (6.78 ng L −1 ). Hotel pools appear to present higher level of target compounds (361 ng L −1 ) than that in health club (228 ng L −1 ), municipal (130 ng L −1 ), school (75.6 ng L −1 ), and community pools (63.0 ng L −1 ). Moreover, the level of these compounds in pools during weekends (174 ng L −1 ) was much higher than that during weekdays (52.3 ng L −1 ). The dynamics of target compounds were also investigated to provide a general trend of the level of parabens in a school indoor swimming pool during a 14-week period. Human exposure assessment was conducted to estimate the potential risk of exposure to parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools. Considering the total exposure dose of multiple parabens, human exposure to parabens from the water of swimming pools is negligible. However, the threat of these parabens to children in swimming pool should be concerned.

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“…Furthermore, previous studies with drinking water have shown increased DBP levels in the presence of bromide, as well as the formation of brominated DBPs (Chang et al, 2001;Hua et al, 2006), which is likely due to the oxidation of bromide by hypochlorous acid to form hypobromous acid (White, 1992), the latter of which reacts with the dissolved organic matter and forms brominated DBPs. A higher level of brominated DBPs has been reported by several studies for pools filled with seawater (Chowdhury et al, 2014;Manasfi et al, 2016). Therefore, increased bromide levels in seawater pool can increase concentrations of brominated DBPs, which in turn can increase health risks to swimmers.…”

Section: Haloacetonitriles (Hans)mentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Furthermore, some DBPs are reported to have genotoxic and carcinogenic effects . The most commonly known DBPs reported in swimming pool water are haloamines, trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) (Chowdhury et al, 2014;Manasfi et al, 2017a). However, less frequently reported and unregulated groups are halodiacids, haloaldehydes, haloketones, haloamides, halophenols, halobenzoquinones and N-nitrosamines (Richardson et al, 2010;Teo et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2013 In chlorinated seawater pools, bromine is the most prevalent disinfectant and oxidant, as bromide ions react with chlorine to form hypobromous acid (Bougeard et al, 2010;Ged and Boyer, 2014;Wang et al, 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%