Disinfection Byproduct Formation and Fractionation Behavior of Natural Organic Matter Surrogates

Abstract

While natural organic matter (NOM) surrogates are established in disinfection byproduct (DBP) research, their use in fractionation studies is rare. To understand how surrogates relate to drinking waters, a range of NOM surrogates were fractionated with XAD resins. Their trihalomethane (THM), haloacetic acid (HAA), haloacetaldehyde, haloacetonitrile, and haloketone formations after chlorination were recorded. While compounds with higher log K(ow) values behaved as hydrophobic acids, fractionation of the more hydrophilic compounds did not clearly correlate to the log K(ow). High HAA formation from ferulic and aspartic acids and 1,1,1-trichloropropanone (1,1,1-TCP) formation from 3-oxopropanoic acid were notable. Three amino acids, asparagine, aspartic acid, and tryptophan, formed significant levels of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and trichloroacetaldehyde (TCA). Formation of DBPs did not correlate to any compound physical property; however, there were several correlations between DBP groups. The most significant were between dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), DCAN and TCA, and dichloroacetaldehyde (DCA) and trichloroacetaldehyde, indicating the possibility of similar relationships in natural waters.

Precursors of nitrogenous disinfection by-products in drinking water––A critical review and analysis

“…These tests are designed to maximise DBP formation and so use an excess of disinfectant, and they typically consider a range of contact times (1 h-10 days, [12,14,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44], Table 3) and, to a lesser degree, temperatures (normally 20-25 • C, [12,14,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44], Table 3). Hence using conversion yields from laboratory FP tests will often overestimate DBPs relative to the same precursors exposed to lower disinfectant concentrations, disinfectant contact times, and temperatures, as in actual WTWs.…”

Formation of Bromate and Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts during Chlorination of Bromide-Containing Waters in the Presence of Dissolved Organic Matter and CuO

“…While chlorine disinfection provides hygienically safe drinking water, chlorine (in the form 42 of hypochlorous acid, i.e., HOCl, in water) also reacts with dissolved organic matter (DOM) to 43 produce potentially toxic chlorinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Among various DBPs, the 44 most recognized compounds are trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs).…”

Cytochrome P450 Initiates Degradation ofcis-Dichloroethene by Polaromonas sp. Strain JS666

“…Chloroacetaldehyde and dichloroacetaldehyde react with DNA (45), tRNA (46), and proteins (47), forming adducts of uncertain toxicity (48). Neither dichloroacetaldehyde nor epoxide was detected in JS666 cultures that were grown continuously on cDCE.…”