Disinfection By-Products in Swimming Pool Water and Possibilities of Limiting Their Impact on Health of Swimmers

Ratajczak, Katarzyna; Piotrowska, A.

doi:10.7494/geom.2019.13.3.71

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…From September to June, the pool operates using the same water, replacing it after the filter backwashing process. Replacing fresh pool water or allowing more clean water [ 27 ] can solve the problem of organic substances (DOC) and trihalomethanes (THM) in water; but that is an expensive solution, so an easier and cheaper alternative was sought.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to this, a straightforward and economical solution to help combat increased DBP concentrations was sought. Reducing DBP levels in pool water include introducing changes in the water treatment system [ 19 , 24 , 26 , 27 ]. The positive impact of the total pool water exchange is also indicated, thanks to which the impurities accumulated in the water are removed [ 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pool water treatment also plays a factor and affects air and water quality [ 19 ]. Some research focused on changes in the water treatment system by introducing modifications such as a column with the activated carbon or with an ion-exchange deposit; this research indicated that the exchange of water led to a decrease of DBP concentrations [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polish regulations have recently changed, tightening the requirements for the frequency of swimming pool water control and the scope of parameters being evaluated. They appear in the Polish Regulation of the Minister of Health of 9 November 2015 on requirements to be met by water in swimming pools [ 27 , 42 ]. Requirements for pool water quality in different countries have been reviewed [ 43 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Pilot Test on Pre-Swim Hygiene as a Factor Limiting Trihalomethane Precursors in Pool Water by Reducing Organic Matter in an Operational Facility

Ratajczak

Pobudkowska

2020

IJERPH

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Pool water must be constantly disinfected. Chlorine compounds used to disinfect pools react with organic substances such as sweat, urine, and personal care products introduced into pool water by users and results in the formation of disinfection byproducts. Trihalomethanes (THM), including chloroform and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, were quantified using a two-stage process: determining initial THM and chloroform levels; then searching for a cheap and easy-to-use method to improve water quality. The method proposed here to limit THM and DOC concentrations in water is controlled showering. At three swimming pool facilities, chloroform concentrations (13.8 ± 0.33 µg/L, 15.5 ± 0.44 µg/L, and 13.9 ± 0.06 µg/L) were below the threshold concentration of 30 μg/L. At a fourth facility, however, the chloroform concentration exceeded that threshold (40.7 ± 9.68 μg/L) when showering was not controlled. Those conditions improved after the introduction of a mandatory shower; concentrations of DOC, THMs, and chloroform all decreased. The chloroform concentration decreased to 29.4 ± 3.8 μg/L, the THM concentration was 31.3 ± 3.9 μg/L, and the DOC concentration was 6.09 ± 0.05 mg/L. Pilot tests were carried out at real facilities to determine whether the control of pre-swim hygiene was possible. The introduction of proper pre-swim hygiene limited the concentration of DOC in water and can lead to a healthier environment for everyone attending the swimming facility.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pilot Test on Pre-Swim Hygiene as a Factor Limiting Trihalomethane Precursors in Pool Water by Reducing Organic Matter in an Operational Facility

Ratajczak

Pobudkowska

2020

IJERPH

Self Cite

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“…Anyway, the different studies underline the awareness regarding the ways DBPs penetrate the human skin, among which inhalation plays the most important role. It is impossible to eliminate the formation of DBP, but it can be limited by, for example, reducing the DBP precursors and diluting the pollution by enhanced air supply or improvement of the water treatment system (Manasfi et al, 2017;Ratajczak & Piotrowska, 2019).…”

Section: Indoor Air Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic and data-driven literature review of the energy and indoor environmental performance of swimming facilities

et al. 2021

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During the last few decades, focus on measures for energy conservation in buildings has increased considerably. The European Commission implemented the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, which gave instructions to the member states about how to reduce energy consumption in residential and non-residential buildings. In the process of making the building sector more energy efficient, the building codes generally have become stricter with some simplifications applied in the requirements. For swimming facilities in Norway, these simplifications are undermining the purpose of the code by excluding the energy use related to the operation of swimming pools, which is the main part of the energy use in this building category. In other words, the energy use related to operation of the facility is not regulated. Furthermore, guidelines for the planning and operation of these types of facilities are outdated and research for this building category is sparse. These three aspects mean that there is a considerable potential for improvement. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review with bibliometric and thematic analyses of the contextualized research in swimming facilities from a heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning perspective. It maps the major trends during the past few decades, where areas like solar heating for outdoor pools, energy consumption, and air quality stand out. Except for air quality and disinfection by-products, research on these facilities is highly fragmented without any strong contributors to the various fields. Graphical abstract

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Energy consumption decreasing strategy for indoor swimming pools – Decentralized Ventilation system with a heat pump

Ratajczak

Szczechowiak

2020

Energy and Buildings

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Disinfection By-Products in Swimming Pool Water and Possibilities of Limiting Their Impact on Health of Swimmers

Cited by 4 publications

References 25 publications

Pilot Test on Pre-Swim Hygiene as a Factor Limiting Trihalomethane Precursors in Pool Water by Reducing Organic Matter in an Operational Facility

Pilot Test on Pre-Swim Hygiene as a Factor Limiting Trihalomethane Precursors in Pool Water by Reducing Organic Matter in an Operational Facility

Systematic and data-driven literature review of the energy and indoor environmental performance of swimming facilities

Energy consumption decreasing strategy for indoor swimming pools – Decentralized Ventilation system with a heat pump

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