Disinfection and Sterilization of Sewage by Ozone

Miller, Sol; Burkhardt, Betty; Ehrlich, R.; Peterson, Robert J.

doi:10.1021/ba-1959-0021.ch051

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…A recent study by Miller st al (212) showed that raw sewage highly contaminated with infectious micrýornismes including spores, botulinum toxin, and influenza virus could be effectively sterilized with ozoneo Concentrations between 100 and 200 ppm were used, A total of 90 minutes expoaure was required to obtain sterility, but a 99.9 per cent reduction was effected in five minutes. Most of the ozono could be recovered, In 1954 Dickerman et a (64) showed that exposure of spore forming organisms in water to 1#J 'pm of ozone caused comple'4 inactivation of the spores in fire minutes, The initial inoculum was 70p000 organisms per milliliter of waier.…”

Section: 8mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Ultraviolet Radiation in Microbiological Laboratories

Phillips¹,

Hanel²,

Everett³

1960

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Section: 8mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Ultraviolet Radiation in Microbiological Laboratories

Phillips¹,

Hanel²,

Everett³

1960

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“…Fumigation with hydrogen peroxide is one of the most widely used methods for decontamination and disinfection in the scientific, medical, and pharmaceutical Rogers et al, 2007Young et al, 1970Canter et al, 2005 Methyl Bromide 3.4-3.9g/L; 1-72 hr; moisture present 3.4-3.9g/L; 18-72 hr; moisture present 1 x 10 5 to 5 x 10 7 on filter paper strips 1 x 10 5 to 5 x 10 7 on animal hairs and bristles 100% inactivation 100% inactivation Kolb & Schneiter, 1950Kolb et al, 1952 Hydrobromic Acid 0.269 g/L; 48 hr; moisture present 1 x 10 5 to 5 x 10 7 on filter paper 100% inactivation Kolb et al, 1952 Ethylene Oxide Boil in HCl for 30 min; 10 min-18 hr Silk suture loops 100% inactivation Friedl et al, 1956 Nitrogen Dioxide 0.5 g/L; 15-30 min Gauze 100% inactivation Poliakov et al, 1962 Ozone 1%-5%; 30-150 min 2.3 x 10 7 to 3.7 x 10 7 per mL in raw sewage 100% inactivation Miller et al, 1959;Rice, 2002 a Testing at room temperature unless specified; b If available; c LR = Log reduction; d RH = Relative humidity; e CFU = Colony-forming units fields. Since hydrogen peroxide is considered less toxic to humans than other types of fumigants and breaks down into water and oxygen, gaseous hydrogen peroxide has been widely used as a decontaminant for treating laboratory and medical equipment, pharmaceutical facilities, hospital rooms, and animal holding rooms (Fichet et al, 2004;French et al, 2004;Hall et al, 2007;Heckert et al, 1997;Hillman, 2004;Johnston et al, 2005;Kahnert et al, 2005;Klapes & Vesley, 1990;Krause et al, 2001).…”

Section: Hydrogen Peroxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus AnthracisSpore Inactivation by Fumigant Decontamination

et al. 2008

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In 2001, envelopes containing virulent Bacillus anthracis spores were placed into the U.S. mail, resulting in contamination of mail processing and distribution facilities and office buildings. These spore-contaminated facilities were subsequently decontaminated primarily by fumigation with hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, and formaldehyde. These highly-publicized incidents resulted in increased public awareness of the threat to human health posed by Bacillus anthracis, and increased interest in sampling, detection, and decontamination of indoor surfaces, rooms, and buildings. Fumigants offer advantages over liquid application for decontaminating rooms or buildings due to the increased coverage of large surface areas and ease of cleanup. From 2001 to the present, however, no decontamination technology has been registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for use against B. anthracis spores; rather, decontamination has been performed through the EPA's issuance of Crisis Exemptions. Since 2001, research and testing efforts have assessed the efficacy and maturity of sporicidal fumigants as well as the maturity, chemical toxicity, material compatibility, and ventilation requirements of these technologies. Several studies have been published in the scientific literature regarding fumigant inactivation of Bacillus spores; however, most decontamination studies with fumigants have utilized surrogates for B. anthracis surrogates, which can be more resistant to a specific type of fumigant (e.g., Geobacillus stearothermophilus and vaporous hydrogen peroxide) than virulent B. anthracis. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge available in the open scientific literature describing the inactivation of virulent B. anthracis spores by various fumigating agents with respect to key operational variables that can affect fumigant decontamination efficacy, such as fumigant concentration, contact time, operational temperature, and relative humidity.

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“…The original paper on disinfection of sewage by ozone (42) stated that an ozone dosage of 100 to 200 mg/L (with only 10% transfer efficiency) gave complete removal of B. anthracis and B. subtil is var. niger spores in 60 to 90 minutes, iluch more recently, van Leeuwen (22) showed that a 6 log reduction in levels of spore-formers occurred when a Downloaded by [University of Arizona] at 11:23 20 February 2015 dissolved ozone residual level of not less than 1 mg/L was maintained for 12 minutes.…”

Section: Bactericidal Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%