The voice is a most important tool for the communication among the people in their day-to-day life. However, any slight change in the voice production system may affect the quality of the voice. For the past years, researchers worked to develop an effective automatic system for the clinicians to perform a preventive diagnosis for detecting the voice pathologies in an early stage. In this paper, the Feedback Artificial Tree Firefly Algorithm (FATFA)-based Deep Residual Network (DRN) is developed for the pathological speech enhancement. Here, the Hanning window is employed for extracting the frames from the speech signals. The multiband spectral subtraction technique is utilized for improving the extracted frames from the speech signals. Additionally, the DRN classifier is used for enhancing the pathological speech signals where the employed classifier is trained by the proposed optimization algorithm, called FATFA. Here, the developed FATFA-based DRN is the integration of Feedback Artificial Tree (FAT) and Firefly Algorithm (FA). However, the developed pathological speech enhancement method achieved efficient performance in terms of Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) with a higher PESQ of 3.907, and lesser RMSE of 30.64, respectively.