Diseases of the Uvea, Uveitis, and Recurrent Uveitis

Gilger, Brian C; Degroote, Roxane L.; Deeg, Cornelia A.

doi:10.1002/9781119782285.ch6

Cited by 16 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 238 publications

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“…The prevalence for ERU is reported as between 2% to 25%, depending on geographic location and breed. [7][8][9] When one eye develops uveitis, Appaloosa horses have an 80% risk of developing ERU in the contralateral eye, whereas the Warmblood breeds studied to date have a 20% risk for developing ERU in the contralateral eye. 32 Though the numbers of Icelandic horses with ERU in the present study was small (6/138), 3/6, or 50% of these horses had bilateral disease, and one of the remaining three horses had had the other globe enucleated prior to the study; the reported reason for eye removal was glaucoma, which often is secondary to ERU.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The diagnosis of ERU in the Icelandic horses in this study was made after evaluating the ophthalmic examination findings and the history from the breeders/owners. Ophthalmic findings considered consistent with ERU included three or more of the following clinical findings: aqueous flare (using the Kimura scale from 0–4+), 20 keratic precipitates, cells in aqueous humor, fibrin in the anterior chamber, diffuse iris hyperpigmentation, posterior synechiae, hyphema, hypopyon, corpora nigra atrophy, cataracts, vitritis, retinal detachment, active chorioretinitis, tapetal hyperreflectivity, optic nerve head atrophy, phthisis bulbi, and intraocular pressure below or above the normal range of 10–30 mmHg 7–9,19 . Chronic chorioretinal degeneration/scarring in an alar (“butterfly”) pattern was not included as a criteria for ERU as a recent study by Sandmeyer et al 21 (2020) concluded that this finding is not specific for ERU in Appaloosa horses.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ophthalmic findings considered consistent with ERU included three or more of the following clinical findings: aqueous flare (using the Kimura scale from 0-4+), 20 keratic precipitates, cells in aqueous humor, fibrin in the anterior chamber, diffuse iris hyperpigmentation, posterior synechiae, hyphema, hypopyon, corpora nigra atrophy, cataracts, vitritis, retinal detachment, active chorioretinitis, tapetal hyperreflectivity, optic nerve head atrophy, phthisis bulbi, and intraocular pressure below or above the normal range of 10-30 mmHg. [7][8][9]19 Chronic chorioretinal degeneration/scarring in an alar ("butterfly") pattern was not included as a criteria for ERU as a recent study by Sandmeyer et al 21 (2020) concluded that this finding is not specific for ERU in Appaloosa horses. Three different categories of ERU were considered for any Icelandic horse diagnosed with ERU: (1) the "classic type", if the horse had a history of more than one painful "flare-ups" with a quiet (non-painful) time in between, (2) the "insidious type", if the horse had clinical signs of ERU but no history of ocular discomfort, and (3) the posterior type, if clinical findings of posterior segment inflammation such as vitritis, chorioretinitis, retinal detachment, and/or optic nerve head atrophy were evident without inflammatory changes in the anterior segment.…”

Section: Criteria For Equine Recurrent Uveitismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, reports have suggested that Icelandic horses are at risk for equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) 5,6 . In the literature, 5%–25% of the general horse population has been reported to be affected with ERU depending on breed and location 7,8 ; a prevalence of 8%–25% has been described in the United States, and a prevalence of 30% has been suggested for central Europe 8,9 . The pathogenesis of ERU is immune mediated, and some cases are associated with previous infection with Leptospira serovariants 9,10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the literature, 5%–25% of the general horse population has been reported to be affected with ERU depending on breed and location 7,8 ; a prevalence of 8%–25% has been described in the United States, and a prevalence of 30% has been suggested for central Europe 8,9 . The pathogenesis of ERU is immune mediated, and some cases are associated with previous infection with Leptospira serovariants 9,10 . Genetic risks have been identified for ERU in Appaloosa horses and Warmblood breeds, and recent research has investigated hereditary traits for this disease 11,12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ocular abnormalities in the Icelandic horse with a focus on equine recurrent uveitis: 112 Icelandic horses living in Denmark and 26 Icelandic horses living in the United States

Henriksen

Dwyer²,

Nielsen

et al. 2021

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Purpose To describe the most common ocular abnormalities in the Icelandic horse with focus on equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) and association between ocular abnormalities and summer eczema and coat colors. Methods A descriptive cross‐sectional study. A complete physical and ophthalmic examination as well as measurement of serum titers for Leptospira serovariants was performed on Icelandic horses from Denmark (DK) and the United States (USA). Results One hundred and twelve Icelandic horses living in DK and 26 Icelandic horses living in the United States were included in this study (total of 138 horses, 274 eyes). The three most common ocular abnormalities were follicular conjunctivitis (55.8%, 153/274 eyes), cataracts (27.4%, 75/274 eyes), and multifocal chorioretinopathy (“bullet holes”; 19%, 52/274 eyes). The prevalence for ERU among Icelandic horses aged “eight years and older” was 8% (6/75 horses). The “insidious ERU” type was found in 83% of the ERU cohort (5/6 horses), while “classic ERU” was found in 17% (1/6 horses). A correlation between ERU and cataracts was found in the population (p < .01). Leptospiral serology results were not associated with ERU in either DK or US‐Icelandic horses (p = 1.00, p = 1.00, respectively). ERU was not associated with summer eczema (p = .49), and no coat colors were associated with the ocular abnormalities found in the Icelandic horse (all p‐values > .05). Conclusion Follicular conjunctivitis, cataracts, and multifocal chorioretinopathy were the three most common ocular abnormalities findings. Icelandic horses who were 8 years or older had an 8% prevalence for ERU. Summer eczema and coat color were not associated with evidence of ERU or other ocular abnormalities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Criteria For Equine Recurrent Uveitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Ocular abnormalities in the Icelandic horse with a focus on equine recurrent uveitis: 112 Icelandic horses living in Denmark and 26 Icelandic horses living in the United States

Henriksen

Dwyer²,

Nielsen

et al. 2021

Veterinary Ophthalmology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Extensive intraocular melanoma with secondary glaucoma in a 15‐month‐old Thoroughbred filly

Pereira,

Gillespie,

Rapezzano

et al. 2024

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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A 15‐month‐old, grey, Thoroughbred filly presented for investigation of a 6‐week history of corneal oedema and blepharospasm on the right eye (OD). The filly was otherwise healthy. Following ophthalmic examination, glaucoma on the OD was diagnosed. A space occupying mass within the anterior chamber was documented on transpalpebral ultrasonographic examination. This mass obliterated most of the anterior intraocular structures on the peripheral nasal side (corneal endothelium and drainage angle), leading to secondary glaucoma. After systemic and topical treatment addressing secondary glaucoma, the corneal oedema reduced. The mass was visualised as an irregularly rounded brown structure associated with the iris on the peripheral nasal side of the anterior chamber. Given the filly's signalment, location and appearance of the mass, a tentative diagnosis of intraocular melanoma was made and enucleation was performed. Histopathological evaluation of the globe revealed solid sheets of heavily pigmented melanocytic cells, disrupting the normal ciliary body architecture and extending into the iris and subretinal. The cells were pleomorphic, polyhedral to round with occasional spindle‐shaped cells, and contained moderate to large amounts of granular black‐brown pigment (melanin). The iridal component expanded into the anterior chamber, with cells directly opposed to Descemet's membrane, with loss of the endothelium and expanding and occluding the filtration angle in this area. The lesion infiltrated locally into the edge of the sclera, but did not extend through the sclera, though occasional perivascular clusters of melanophages were observed within the scleral stroma adjacent to the optic nerve. Diagnosis of a uveal melanocytic neoplasm was confirmed, with characteristics similar to only one reported case . This is a unique case of a rapidly growing, invasive, uveal melanoma in a young horse. Intraocular melanoma should be considered as a differential diagnoses for glaucoma in grey horses, regardless of the age and absence of melanocytic skin lesions.

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Transcorneal aspiration for management of primary iris cysts in the standing horse

Conduit,

Bowen,

Hallowell

et al. 2024

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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BackgroundEquine primary iris cysts are usually incidental findings but, if associated with clinical signs, may require intervention. The use of laser (Nd:Yag or diode) has been reported but requires specialised equipment. Transcorneal aspiration has not been previously evaluated in the standing horse.ObjectivesTo review outcomes of standing transcorneal aspiration of primary iris cysts (STAPIC) in horses.MethodsHorses were identified from electronic patient records from 2018 to 2024 across four collaborating centres. Clinical presentation and outcomes were identified and reported using descriptive statistics.ResultsEighteen horses were identified. Behavioural signs reported included ‘spooking’ and changes in rideability often associated with jumping. Single large unilateral cysts were present in 11 horses, bilateral cysts in three horses and multiple unilateral cysts in four horses. Following treatment, one horse developed uveitis and fibrin in the anterior chamber associated with needle contact with the iris stroma due to movement, and a second horse developed fibrin within the anterior chamber. Both conditions resolved with anti‐inflammatory medication and administration of tissue plasminogen activator. No other adverse effects were reported. Follow‐up was available from all horses (median: 6 months, interquartile range [IQR]: 4–11 months) with no recurrence, although one horse developed an iris cyst in the contralateral eye after 3 years. All owners reported improvement in clinical signs, with 61% reporting no further signs.ConclusionsSTAPIC is an effective and easily accessible alternative for treating iris cysts in horses rarely associated with complications.

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Diseases of the Uvea, Uveitis, and Recurrent Uveitis

Cited by 16 publications

References 238 publications

Ocular abnormalities in the Icelandic horse with a focus on equine recurrent uveitis: 112 Icelandic horses living in Denmark and 26 Icelandic horses living in the United States

Ocular abnormalities in the Icelandic horse with a focus on equine recurrent uveitis: 112 Icelandic horses living in Denmark and 26 Icelandic horses living in the United States

Extensive intraocular melanoma with secondary glaucoma in a 15‐month‐old Thoroughbred filly

Transcorneal aspiration for management of primary iris cysts in the standing horse

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