Diseases of the Reproductive System

Althouse, Gary C.; Kauffold, Johannes; Rossow, Stephanie

doi:10.1002/9781119350927.ch20

Cited by 29 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Due to the fact of its tremendous diagnostic capability, RTU has broad applicability for both “on farm” routine and troubleshooting work in female swine reproduction (Table 2) [13]. Examples will be briefly discussed herein.…”

Section: Practical Use Of Rtu In Swine Reproductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there is growing field evidence that delayed or failed puberty attainment is an increasing issue in some modern production systems. Diagnosis of reasons for pubertal failure is not always easy, as this problem is commonly multifactorial and includes factors related to management as well as to the environment (e.g., boar exposure, nutrition, health, and seasonality [13]. To complicate matters, a definitive diagnosis as to whether a puberty attainment problem is evident on a farm may also be influenced by changes in the herd’s genetic makeup, which have implications on age/weight till maturity.…”

Section: Practical Use Of Rtu In Swine Reproductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Collectively, RTU has become an indispensable tool for troubleshooting disruptions to production parameters such as conception and farrowing rates, problems with delayed or failed puberty attainment, and with delayed or failed post-weaning estrus issues [12,13]. This review aims to provide an overview on principles and clinical uses of RTU with respect to application in female swine in commercial operations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Principles and Clinical Uses of Real-Time Ultrasonography in Female Swine Reproduction

Kauffold¹,

Peltoniemi

Wehrend

et al. 2019

Animals

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Simply SummaryReal-time ultrasonography (RTU) has become an essential diagnostic value when assessing female swine reproduction in either individual or groups of animals. Diagnostic application of RTU is applied throughout most stages of production, including gilt development, breeding, gestation and farrowing. Along with its most common use in on-farm assessment of pregnancy status, RTU is also used to troubleshoot disruptions in reproductive performance such as delayed puberty, prolonged wean-to-estrus interval, absence of post-weaning estrus, decreased conception and farrowing rates, vulval discharge, peripartum and puerperal disorders. This review aims to provide an overview on principles and clinical uses of RTU in female reproduction on commercial swine farms.AbstractWithin the past 30 years, through ongoing technology and portability developments, real-time (b-mode) ultrasonography (RTU) has increasingly become a valuable diagnostic tool in assessing the female reproductive tract in swine. Initially applied in swine production to visually determine pregnancy status, RTU use has expanded to include assessment of the peri-pubertal and mature non-pregnant females as well. Transabdominal and transrectal modalities to visualizing the reproductive tract in swine have been reported with the transabdominal approach more common due to the fact of its ease of accessibility, animal/personnel safety, and reduced time to perform. Adjustable frequency transducers are preferred as they allow optimization of image quality at various depths. If a single transducer frequency must be selected, a 5 MHz probe provides the best versatility for visualizing the reproductive tract in swine. Other basic requirements for ultrasound equipment which will be used on commercial swine farms include being light weight and easy to handle, readily cleanable and disinfectable, long battery-life, and good durability. When using RTU for pregnancy determination, diagnosis is based upon a combination of the animal’s breeding records, the presence of embryonic fluid, and, depending upon gestational stage, fetal structures. If RTU is used as a diagnostic tool in assessing reproductive problems in an individual or a group of animals, sonographic evaluation of both the uterus and ovaries is performed. Tissues are delineated and assessed based upon their echogenicity, echotexture, and size. Uses of RTU in clinical practice may include assessment of delayed puberty, prolonged wean-to-estrus interval, absence of post-weaning estrus, herd disruptions in conception and farrowing rates, vulval discharge, peripartum and puerperal disorders. This review aims to provide an overview on principles and clinical uses of RTU with respect to application to address female reproductive performance issues in commercial swine operations.

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Section: Practical Use Of Rtu In Swine Reproductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Practical Use Of Rtu In Swine Reproductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Principles and Clinical Uses of Real-Time Ultrasonography in Female Swine Reproduction

Kauffold¹,

Peltoniemi

Wehrend

et al. 2019

Animals

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“…Semen viability, motility, and other characteristics can be negatively affected by several factors such as bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli ), viruses (e.g., porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus), and mycotoxins [ 21 , 23 ]. Even though the particular mechanisms of mycotoxin-induced negative effects on boars have not been fully explored, it has been indicated that mycotoxins, such as Fumonisin B1 (FB1) at contamination levels of 5, 10 or 15 mg/kg feed in pigs (6 months duration of feeding), or other mycotoxins (DON, ZEN, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), T-2, ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin, citrinin) in trials with rabbits, horses, mice or rats can be associated with reduced vigor and reproductive performance in males, as reviewed by El Khoury and coworkers [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual and Combined In Vitro Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone on Boar Semen

Tassis

Tsakmakidis

Nagl³

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) can negatively affect pig health. However, little is known about their effects on boar semen. We assessed the individual and combined effects of DON and ZEN on boar semen in vitro. In a pretrial, we determined the minimum dose (MiD) of each mycotoxin that induces a significant alteration of sperm progressive motility, as investigated using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). In the main trial, the individual and combined effects of each mycotoxin’s MiD on sperm motility and kinetics (CASA analysis), morphology (SpermBlue staining), viability (calcein-propidium iodide staining), membrane functional status (hypoosmotic swelling test), and chromatin integrity (acridine orange staining) were analyzed. Pretrial results suggested a MiD of 50.6 μM and 62.8 μM for DON and ZEN, respectively. In the main trial, DON and ZEN administered at MiD significantly affected CASA parameters (e.g., increase of immotile spermatozoa, reduction of progressive motile spermatozoa), decreased sperm viability, and affected sperm morphology (head abnormalities) and membrane functional status. DON and ZEN showed less than additive effects on most parameters tested and a synergistic effect on viability and on two CASA parameters. In conclusion, DON and ZEN showed individual and combined toxic effects on boar semen in vitro.

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“…The number of collected fetuses ranged from 1 to 18 animals per litter. The time of gestation at which the fetuses died was determined by its body size at delivery and physical aspect [ 31 ]. Thus, by the physical aspect, the fetuses were classified as mummified ( n = 49) or stillborn ( n = 206) [ 32 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) in Healthy Primiparous and Multiparous Sows and Their Mummified Fetuses and Stillborn

Saporiti

Martorell²,

Cruz

et al. 2020

Pathogens

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Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) has been suggested as a putative causal agent of swine reproductive disease. A number of different studies have pointed out this association, but there is still a lack of information regarding the normal rates of PCV-3 infection in farms with normal reproductive parameters. The objective of the present study was to assess the frequency of PCV-3 detection in primiparous and multiparous sows and in tissues from their respective fetuses from farms with average reproductive parameters. Sera from 57 primiparous and 64 multiparous sows from 3 different farms were collected at two time points. Brain and lung tissues from 49 mummies and 206 stillborn were collected at farrowing. Samples were tested by PCR, and when positive, quantified by quantitative PCR. Thirty-nine complete genomes were obtained and phylogenetically analyzed. All sera from multiparous sows were negative, while 19/57 (33.3%) primiparous sows were PCV-3 PCR positive. From the 255 tested fetuses, 86 (33.7%) had at least one tissue positive to PCV-3. The frequency of detection in fetuses from primiparous sows (73/91, 80.2%) was significantly higher than those from multiparous ones (13/164, 7.9%). It can be concluded that PCV-3 is able to cause intrauterine infections in absence of overt reproductive disorders.

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Diseases of the Reproductive System

Cited by 29 publications

References 58 publications

Principles and Clinical Uses of Real-Time Ultrasonography in Female Swine Reproduction

Principles and Clinical Uses of Real-Time Ultrasonography in Female Swine Reproduction

Individual and Combined In Vitro Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone on Boar Semen

Frequency of Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) in Healthy Primiparous and Multiparous Sows and Their Mummified Fetuses and Stillborn

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