Diseases of the Hepatobiliary System

Smith, Geof W.; Davis, Jennifer L.; Malone, John B.; Nagaraja, T. G.; Tomlinson, Joy E.; Doré, Vincent

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-55445-9.00033-1

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 246 publications

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“…Ruminal acidosis may be invoked from the ingestion of small particle size (diameter less than 1.78mm) (Yansari et al, 2004;White et al, 2014). ARA is more frequent when animals are grouped than alone due to the psychological competition for overconsuming (Smith, 2009).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ruminal Acidosis Part I: Clinical manifestations, epidemiology and impact of the disease

Voulgarakis,

Gougoulis,

Psalla

et al. 2023

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Abstract Ruminal acidosis is presented as the most considerable nutritional disorder of ruminants with severe impacts in animal health, animal welfare and considerable economics losses in ovine and bovine herds. The disease can be distinguished as Acute (ARA) and Sub-Acute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA). SARA constitutes as the main nutritional disorder in intensive ruminant farming with several complications, such as liver abscesses, milk fat depression, reduced milk yield and early culling. This paper constitutes the first part of a thorough review about ruminal acidosis. The first part focuses on definition, types of ruminal acidosis, epidemiology, economic impacts and welfare implications.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ruminal Acidosis Part I: Clinical manifestations, epidemiology and impact of the disease

Voulgarakis,

Gougoulis,

Psalla

et al. 2023

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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“…The route of transmission of tetanus in cattle can be divided into generalized tetanus through wounds, neonatal tetanus through umbilical cord infection, and idiopathic tetanus without apparent wounds ( 3 – 5 ). However, generalized tetanus mainly occurs through castration, dehorning, ear tag installation, and postpartum uterine infection ( 6 ). Subsequently, muscle spasticity and tremor in the neck region appear, the ears turn back, and the protrusion of the third eyelid is conspicuous.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the administration of an antitoxin agent to cattle is excessively expensive in clinical practice, and the administration of a sedative for muscle relaxation is also a burden on the clinical veterinarian in terms of dosage and frequency. Although many studies have been conducted on the diagnosis of tetanus, studies related to treatment are few ( 6 , 10 ). As no definitive treatment for tetanus in cattle has been suggested, treatment is mainly based on symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful treatment of idiopathic tetanus using metronidazole, magnesium, and acepromazine in Hanwoo (Korean indigenous cattle) yearling bull

Kim

Lee

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Bovine tetanus is a serious infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by the exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani and is characterized by persistent tension and spasm of the rhabdomyocytes. Currently, many studies have focused on diagnosing tetanus; however, only a few studies on treatment methods have been conducted. Therefore, cattle with tetanus have been treated using symptomatic therapy. In this case, severe muscle spasticity and spasms were observed in a 9-month-old Hanwoo (Korean indigenous cattle) bull, and aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase levels were increased in serum biochemical tests. Clinically, bovine tetanus was strongly suspected, and metronidazole was administered orally for 5 days. To treat the intensifying bloat, a temporary rumenostomy was performed on the third day of onset, and the toxin gene (tetanospasmin) of C. tetani was amplified by polymerase chain reaction analysis from the collected ruminal fluid. Magnesium and sedatives (acepromazine) were administered for 7 days to treat muscle spasticity and spasms. Muscle spasticity and spasm markedly improved, and the bull stood up from the lateral recumbent position. On the 17th day after onset, all tetanus-related symptoms resolved and a normal diet was started. Our findings demonstrated that treatment with metronidazole, magnesium, and acepromazine was effective in the bull with tetanus.

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Diseases of the Hepatobiliary System

Cited by 2 publications

References 246 publications

Ruminal Acidosis Part I: Clinical manifestations, epidemiology and impact of the disease

Ruminal Acidosis Part I: Clinical manifestations, epidemiology and impact of the disease

Successful treatment of idiopathic tetanus using metronidazole, magnesium, and acepromazine in Hanwoo (Korean indigenous cattle) yearling bull

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