Diseases of the Hemolymphatic and Immune Systems

doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00011-5

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 479 publications

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“…bovis and B. bigemina, which have a similar geographical distribution and cause anemia in cattle [4]. Besides transmission by ticks, these hemoprotozoa and A. marginale can also be transmitted mechanically by biting flies [5], needles [6], ear-tagging, castration and dehorning equipment [7,8], and parasites of migratory wild birds [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They can infect cattle and cause a reduction of milk production. Bovine congenital transmission was reported for A. phagocytophilum [12], which has been recognized as a zoonotic agent [8,13]. The severity of symptoms depends on several host factors such as its immune status and possible coinfections by other pathogens [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anaplasma spp. in general have long life persistence and are able to remain in populations for months or years, which has a significant influence on spreading and new outbreaks of anaplasmosis [8,18,19]. Control measures should include regular monitoring, timely treatment and countermeasures against the arthropod vectors [5], but the feasibility depends on various factors such as geographic location and implementation costs of regulatory measures e.g., use of vaccines or antibiotics [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroprevalence and Molecular Detection of Bovine Anaplasmosis in Egypt

et al. 2020

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Bovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease with zoonotic potential, caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Anaplasma marginale. The disease is distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions. The economic losses from anaplasmosis in animals is of significant importance because it causes severe morbidity and mortality in cattle. Recovered animals may become persistent carriers. Epidemiological information on the actual status of bovine anaplasmosis in Egypt is scarce. Thus, this study aimed to determine anti-Anaplasma antibody and DNA in serum samples using ELISA and PCR, respectively. In total, 758 bovine sera were collected from cattle farms located in 24 Egyptian governorates in 2015 to 2016. Sera were analyzed with the commercially available ‘Anaplasma antibody competitive ELISA v2’ kit and ‘AmpliTest Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp. real time TaqMan TM PCR. Anaplasma spp. antibodies were detected in 140 (18.5%) (CI: 15.8–21.4%) of the investigated sera by ELISA, and Anaplasma/Ehrlichia-DNA was detected in 40 (5.3%) (CI: 3.8–7.1%) of the positive sera by real time PCR. Co-detection of both Anaplasma spp. and Coxiella burnetii-specific antibodies was proven in 30 (4%) of the investigated sera. The results of this work confirm the significant prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis in Egypt. Raising awareness in decision makers of the public health, veterinarians and animal owners is required to reduce the spread of infection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroprevalence and Molecular Detection of Bovine Anaplasmosis in Egypt

et al. 2020

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“…Anaplasma and Ehrlichia are obligate intracellular alphaproteobacteria and belonging to order Rickettsiales, family Anaplasmataceae that are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by ticks of the family Ixodidae and cause symptoms similar to febrile diseases in humans and domestic animals like the camel [3,4]. Anaplasmosis often occurs in animals of tropical and subtropical regions but also in North America, Europe and the Mediterranean region [3,5]. Anaplasmosis can be transmitted mechanically by ticks, tabanid vectors, iatrogenically and transplacentally [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anaplasmosis often occurs in animals of tropical and subtropical regions but also in North America, Europe and the Mediterranean region [3,5]. Anaplasmosis can be transmitted mechanically by ticks, tabanid vectors, iatrogenically and transplacentally [5]. Anaplasmosis usually manifests as a subclinical infection or as co-infection in camels [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Analysis of Anaplasma Antibody Competitive ELISA Using the ROC Curve for Screening of Anaplasmosis in Camel Populations in Egypt

Parvizi

El-Adawy

Roesler³

et al. 2020

Pathogens

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Anaplasmosis is a tick-born and potential zoonotic disease caused by Anaplasma (A.) phagocytophilum, A. ovis, A. platys and A. capra. Anaplasma marginale affecting bovines and camels causing significant economic losses. Camels as an integral part of the socio-economic lifestyle of nomads in semi-arid to arid ecosystems are prone to suffer from subclinical Anaplasma infections. This study aimed to determine the performance and adaptation of commercial competitive Anaplasma ELISA (cELISA) as a tool for screening the seroprevalence of anaplasmosis whitin the camel populations in Egypt. This study was based on the serological investigation of 437 camel sera collected between 2015 and 2016 during a Q fever prevalence study in Egypt using commercially available cELISA for the detection of antibodies specific for Anaplasma in bovine serum. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, an analysis method for optimizing cutoff values in cELISAs, was used to estimate the sensitivity and specificity using 76 true as serological positive (n = 7) and negative (n = 60) for Anaplasma antibodies. ROC curve analysis was done for 7 true positive and 60 true negative bovine samples and 7 true positive and 29 true negative camel samples serum. Real time PCR and/or conventional PCR was applied to confirm Anaplasma spp. specific-DNA in camel serum as an indication of a true positive and true negative for ROC analysis. Chi square analysis was performed to estimate the association between risk factors and anaplasmosis in camels. The cutoff value was determined as 0.42 (p value ≤ 0.001). Data simulation with randomly generated values revealed a cutoff value of 0.417 (p ≤ 0.001) with resulting 58.1% Se and 97.8% Sp. Seven true positive and 29 true negative camel serum samples was confirmed by PCR. Using the estimated cut off, the seroprevalence in the Nile Valley and Delta and the Eastern Desert domain was 47.4% and 46.4%, respectively. The potential risk factors as domains and origin of animals were less significantly associated with the prevalence of anaplasmosis (domains: χ(2) = 41.8, p value ≤ 0.001 and origin: χ(2) = 42.56, p value ≤ 0.001). Raising awareness especially for veterinarians and animal owners will significantly contribute to the best understanding of anaplasmosis in camels in Egypt. Alternative (in silico) validation techniques and preliminary prevalence studies are mandatory towards the control of neglected anaplasmosis in the camel population.

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Evaluating the welfare of extensively managed sheep

et al. 2019

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The aim of this study was to identify the main on-farm welfare issues likely to be encountered in extensive sheep farming systems. Thirty-two commercial sheep farms in Victoria, Australia were involved in this study. Of the 32 farms involved, 30 were visited twice (at mid-pregnancy and weaning), and 2 farms only once (both at weaning). In total, 62 visits were conducted and 6,200 ewes (aged 2–5 years) were examined using six animal-based indicators: body condition score (BCS), fleece condition, skin lesions, tail length, dag score and lameness. In addition, the number of ewes that needed further care (such as sick or injured sheep) was recorded and reported to the farmers. Generalised linear mixed models were conducted to investigate associations between welfare outcomes and visit, ewe breed and location, with all three, and their interactions, as fixed factors. In all instances, farm was set as a random factor to account for specific variation between farms. Overall, the welfare of the ewe flocks, based on the six indicators measured, was considered good. A total of 86.9% of the ewes were in adequate BCS (2.5–3.5), 91% had good fleece condition, 69.2% had no skin lesions, 97.1% had low dag scores, and overall lameness was 4.7%. An important and prevalent risk to welfare identified across farms was short tail length; with 85.7% of ewes having tails docked shorter than the third palpable joint. While the welfare of the flock was good, ewes in need of further care were identified at all farms. There were 185 (3.0%) cases needing further care, and the extent of welfare compromise of these animals was considered significant. Main reasons for further care were moderate/severe lameness or foot-related issues, BCS ≤ 2 and active dermatophilosis or broken wool. To our knowledge, this study constitutes the largest assessment of ewes conducted in Australia, and the findings provide valuable insight into the main welfare issues likely to be encountered in extensive sheep farming enterprises. Future studies should develop practical technologies that can assist in the detection of the welfare issues identified in this study. In addition, the thresholds identified here could be used for future comparison and sheep welfare benchmarking programs to assess farm performance and measure continuous improvements.

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Diseases of the Hemolymphatic and Immune Systems

Cited by 4 publications

References 479 publications

Seroprevalence and Molecular Detection of Bovine Anaplasmosis in Egypt

Seroprevalence and Molecular Detection of Bovine Anaplasmosis in Egypt

Performance Analysis of Anaplasma Antibody Competitive ELISA Using the ROC Curve for Screening of Anaplasmosis in Camel Populations in Egypt

Evaluating the welfare of extensively managed sheep

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